Previous Year Questions
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Microbiology PYQs
Central Nervous System Infections
Central Nervous System Infections
Essays (10)
1A 11-year-old girl, presented with history of agitation, delirium, abnormal behavior,
hallucinations, difficulty in swallowing liquids and fear of water. Her parents reported that
she was bitten by a stray dog on her right leg two months prior to presentation for which
she had received only oral antibiotics and injection tetanus toxoid.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 11 marks2Read the following clinical history and answer the following questions
A one year old child presented with h/o inability to move the limbs associated with neck
stiffness following a bout of fever. Immunization history was not available. O/E the child
had flaccid paralysis.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks3A 4 years child presented with history of fever, neck rigidity and altered
sensorium for the last 48 hours. He was admitted in the hospital for evaluation. CSF was collected
and examined for cell morphology, protein and sugar. Answer the following:
What is the probable diagnosis.
Name the bacterial etiologic agents causing this condition.
How will you proceed with the lab. diagnosis.
What are the virulence factors associated with this and describe the pathogenesis
What measures can you take to prevent this condition. (1+2+3+3+1)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks4A five year old boy was brought to emergency department with history of fever,
headache, vomiting and altered sensorium for last 48 hours. On examination, neck
stiffness was present. Examination of CSF showed neutrophilic predominance2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks5A two-year-old child was brought to casualty with high grade fever, vomiting and
drowsiness. On examination, the child had neck rigidity and other signs of meningeal
irritation. CSF examination was suggestive of acute bacterial meningitis2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks6Read the clinical history and answer the following questions:
A 27 years old male was admitted in intensive medical care unit with drooling of saliva
and fear for intake of liquids since morning. There was a past history of dog bite on
his right leg ten days back.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks7A 20 years old male patient was admitted in hospital with the complaints of difficulty in
swallowing liquids, loss of appetite and restlessness. He gave history of dog bite by
a street dog one month back.
What is the diagnosis of this condition
Discuss the pathogenesis
Describe the laboratory diagnosis of the condition
What are the post exposure prophylactic measures of this condition (1+3+3+3)2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks8A four-year-old child was brought to casualty with altered behavior and difficulty to
swallow liquids. Mother gave history of dog bite one month back and not taking
vaccine as per schedule2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks9A 5-year-old boy was brought to pediatric casualty with irritability, agitation, abnormal
behaviour, difficulty in swallowing liquids and fear of water. His mother informed that he
had been bitten by a stray dog two months back. No medical help had been sought at
that time.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks10A four-year-old child was brought to paediatric casualty with fever, altered behaviour and
difficulty to swallow liquids. Mother gives a history of dog bite two months back and not
taking vaccine as per schedule.
(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 8 marks
Short Essays (19)
11Cryptococcal meningitis – risk factors, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks12Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of polio.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks13Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of Polio myelitis.
(PTO)2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks14Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of poliomyelitis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks15Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis – etiology, mode of transmission, laboratory
diagnosis2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks16Free living amoebae
(PTO)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks17Discuss the pathogenesis, antemortem lab diagnosis and post exposure prophylaxis of
Rabies.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks18What are prions. Name human prion diseases. Discuss in detail any one of them.
(1+3+4)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks19Describe the laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of tetanus2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks20Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks21Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis
(PTO)2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks22List four parasites causing lesions in the brain. Describe the life cycle of any one of them. (2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks23Mode of transmission, clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis of Nipah virus infection (2+2+2)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks24Primary Amoebic meningoencephalitis – discuss etiology, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis.(1+2+3)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks25Japanese encephalitis2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks26Prophylaxis of poliomyelitis2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks27Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks28Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks29Post exposure Prophylaxis for Rabies.2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks
Short Answers (6)
30Nipah virus – modes of transmission and outbreak prevention. (1+3)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks31Laboratory diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks32List, in tabular form, the CSF parameters, in normal CSF and in pyogenic, viral and tubercular meningitis.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks33Rabies vaccines.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks34Prions.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks35Prions2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks
Short Notes (33)
36Japanese B encephalitis2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks37Group B streptococci2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks38Name four causative agents of neonatal meningitis.2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks39Cysticercus cellulosae.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks40Name the causative agent, infective form and complications of neurocysticercosis2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks41Neurocysticercosis2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks42Nipah virus2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks43Prophylaxis of poliomyelitis.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks44Vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis with immunization schedule.2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks45List two important differences between live and killed polio virus vaccines.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks46Naegleria fowleri2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks47Free living amoebae2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks48Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks49Name TWO pathogenic free living amoeba and the infection caused by each of them2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks50Negri bodies.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks51Inclusion bodies.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks52Prophylaxis of rabies.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks53Non-neural vaccines for rabies2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks54Prophylaxis of rabies2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks55Name the non-neural vaccines for preventing rabies and pre-exposure prophylaxis2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks56Rabies vaccines and latest schedule for immunization2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks57Inclusion bodies.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks58Negri bodies2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks59Define inclusion bodies and give two examples2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks60Inclusion bodies2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks61Pathogenesis of Rabies2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks62Inclusion bodies2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks63Slow virus diseases2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks64Prions2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks65Prophylaxis of tetanus.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks66Tetanus toxoid vaccine2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks67Toxoplasmosis2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks68Lab diagnosis of toxoplasmosis2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (6)
69A: Cryptococcus neoformans cannot be cultured.
R: Rapid diagnosis of Cryptococcal meningitis can be done on CSF sample by India Ink preparation.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark70A: Specific antivirals are available to treat Japanese Encephalitis.
R: Japanese Encephalitis is the most common cause of vaccine preventable encephalitis in Asia.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark71Meningitis caused by the following agents can be prevented by vaccination EXCEPT2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark72Rabies virus can be transmitted to humans by all of the following routes EXCEPT2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark73Vaccine to prevent rabies in humans is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark74An antemortem diagnostic method is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (7)
75Write the mode of transmission of Japanese encephalitis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark76Enumerate two bacteria causing neonatal meningitis.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark77Name TWO bacteria causing neonatal meningitis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark78Which parasite cause calcified cysts in muscles.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark79Name one free living amoebae and the infection caused by it.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark80Name two zoonotic diseases.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark81Give an example of artificial passive immunity.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Congenital and Perinatal Infections
Congenital and Perinatal Infections
General Microbiology
General Microbiology
Essays (7)
1A 21-year-old female presented with recurrent episodes of seizures, headache and
vomiting and vertigo. MRI of the brain showed multiple ring enhancing lesions in the
brain parenchyma. The causative agent was thought to be a cestode.
(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2A 40-year-old diabetic man came to medicine O.P with fever, shortness of breath. His
family members also give history of fever and sore throat. His oxygen saturation was low
and chest x-ray showed diffuse infiltration
(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 11 marks3A 52 year old female with history of long standing uncontrolled diabetes mellitus on
treatment presents to OPD with white patches in the oral mucous membrane.
Scrapings obtained from the lesion showed gram positive budding yeast cells. Answer
the following:
What is the clinical diagnosis and the probable etiologic agent.
What are the other clinical manifestations caused by this organism.
Describe the laboratory diagnosis of this clinical condition.
What will be the appropriate line of treatment. (2+3+4+1)2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks4A 45 year old male presented in dermatology OPD with history of an itchy annular lesion over the scalp for
the past 20 days, which on examination looked like a fungal infection.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks5A 20-year-old female with history of multiple blood transfusions presents to outpatient
department with fever, malaise, nausea vomiting and yellowish discoloration of urine.
The blood examination showed elevated bilirubin and liver enzymes and positive for
HBs Ag2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks6A 40-year-old previously healthy adult, presented to the medicine outpatient department with
malaise, fatigue, low grade fever, nausea and aversion to food. She complains of itching all over
the body. She provides history of multiple blood transfusions following a road traffic accident
eight months ago. The anti HBc IgM was positive. AST and ALT (Liver enzyme2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks7A 22-year-old male came to the Medicine OPD with complaints of increased frequency
of loose stools with blood and mucus since 2 days.
(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 9 marks
Short Answers (24)
82025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 10 marks9Name four mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks10Write FOUR mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria with examples.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks11Structure of Gram negative cell wall with diagram.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks12Candida albicans.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks13Classification of fungus with examples.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks14Laboratory tests for detecting infections by dimorphic fungi2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks15Laboratory diagnosis of mycetoma2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks16Name the most common yeast causing meningitis in a HIV positive patient. Name a special stain
used for its detection in CSF sample. Draw a neat labelled diagram of its appearance under the
microscope using the special stain. Name one rapid test to identify this yeast in the CSF sample.
(1+1+1+1)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks17List four parasitic infections especially seen in immunocompromised patients.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks18How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted. Add a note on the laboratory diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma
infection.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks19Tzanck smear.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks20Vaccine against Varicella zoster virus.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks21PCR – Principle2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks22Draw the structure of HIV and label. Add a note on its transmission (2.5+1.5)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks23Respiratory Syncytial virus.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks24Secondary immune response2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks25What are the laboratory tests available to detect Hepatitis C in a suspected patient2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks26Write the applications of ELISA test2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks27Modes of transmission and laboratory diagnosis of Monkey pox (M Pox)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks28Principle of presumptive coliform testing and its interpretation.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks29Discuss the beneficial effects of normal flora.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks30Define Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO). List six causes of FUO commonly seen in India. (1+3)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks31Human papilloma virus and the role of vaccines2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 3 marks
Short Essays (34)
32Enumerate the methods of moist heat sterilization. Write briefly on the principle,
application and sterilization control of laboratory autoclave. (3+1+2
+2)4. Write the pathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Hydatid disease2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 10 marks33Antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods – types with respective principle,
interpretation, purpose of selective reporting. (4+3+1)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks34Describe principles of genetic engineering and their applications.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks35Describe various virulence factors in bacteria with examples.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks36Quantitative buffy coat examination– principle, applications, advantages and
Disadvantages. (3+1+2+2)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks37Explain the reasons that helped successful eradication of smallpox.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks38Classify immunity. Add a note on passive immunity.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks39List molecular methods used in laboratory diagnosis of infections. Briefly mention
principle of each method. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method.
(1+3+2+2)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks40Discuss applications of monoclonal antibodies.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks41A gardner noticed a series of small red ulcerated nodules of 1 cm diameter on the right forearm. She
provides history of having repeated thorn pricks at on the arm. Microscopic examination of biopsy
revealed cigar shaped yeast forms.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks42What is virulence. List the different mechanisms of virulence in bacteria. Explain one of them in detail.
(1+ 3+2)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks43Define pandemic. Name any four pandemics. Describe in detail strategies taken for their control. (1+2+3)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks44Classify immunity. Describe acquired immunity with examples (2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks45Enumerate four common etiological agents for viral hemorrhagic fever. Describe the laboratory diagnosis
for any one of them.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks46Classification of antibiotics based on the mechanism of action2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks47Conjugation2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks48Compare exotoxin and endotoxin2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks49Bacterial spore and its demonstration2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks50Bacterial growth curve2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks51Life cycle of bacteriophage.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks52Discuss the lab diagnosis of candidiasis2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks53Opportunistic fungal infections2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks54Candida albicans.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks55Laboratory diagnosis of candidiasis2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks56Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B virus Infection2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks57Monoclonal antibodies and its application in clinical microbiology2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks58Active immunity.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks59General characters of viruses2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks60Describe immunoglobulin G (IgG)2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks61Immunoglobulin G (IgG)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks62Markers of hepatitis B virus and lab. diagnosis of hepatitis B infection.2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks63Compare and contrast active and passive immunity.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks64Monoclonal antibodies.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks65Monoclonal antibody and its application2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks
Short Notes (175)
66Extended spectrum beta lactamases2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks67Plasmid and it’s importance in drug resistance.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks68List two bactericidal and two bacteriostatic anti tubercular drugs2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks69Name TWO cell wall acting antibiotics2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks70Epsilometer OR E-test2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks71Disc diffusion method of antibiotic sensitivity testing2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks72Name different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks73Epsilometer test2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks74Disc diffusion method of antibiotic susceptibility testing2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks75R plasmid2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks76Bacterial conjugation.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks77Transduction2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks78Transduction2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks79Mutation.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks80Mention two methods of extra chromosomal transfer of genetic material in bacteria2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks81Enumerate methods of gene – transfer in bacteria2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks82Transposons.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks83Plasmid2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks84Transduction2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks85Transformation2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks86Define plasmid. Give two clinical significance of plasmid.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks87Name two horizontal gene transfer method in bacteria2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks88Plasmids2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks89Bacterial spore.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks90Bacterial capsule2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks91Bacteroides fragilis2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks92Lowenstein jensen medium2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks93Differences between exotoxin and endotoxin2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks94L-forms2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks95Transport media2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks96Bacterial flagella2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks97Bacterial capsule2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks98Tyndallisation.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks99Fimbriae2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks100Bacterial flagella.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks101Transport media.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks102Negative staining2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks103Transport media2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks104Enumerate the four phases of bacterial growth curve.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks105Transport media2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks106Bacterial capsule2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks107Loffler’s serum slope2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks108Draw and label fertilized egg of ascaris2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks109Give two examples of enriched media.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks110Stages of bacterial growth curve.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks111Transport media with TWO examples2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks112Draw and label fertilized egg of Ascaris lumbricoides2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks113Bacterial flagella2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks114Mention contributions of Robert Koch2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks115Draw and label fertilized egg of Ascaris lumbricoides2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks116Bacterial spore2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks117Define enriched media with two example2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks118Bacteriophage2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks119Bacteriophage2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks120Enrichment media.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks121Enrichment media with an example2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks122Enrichment medium.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks123Robertson’s cooked meat medium2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks124Anaerobic culture methods.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks125Enriched media2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks126Enrichment media.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks127Anaerobic culture methods2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks128Enriched media2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks129Selective media with two examples.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks130Anaerobic culture methods2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks131Selective media with TWO examples.2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks132Define Selective media with two examples2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks133Laboratory confirmation of candida albicans.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks134Tinea versicolor2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks135Candida albicans.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks136Otomycosis.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks137Otomycosis2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks138Germ tube test2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks139Piedra2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks140Opportunistic fungi2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks141Laboratory diagnosis of candidiasis2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks142Sabouraud dextrose agar2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks143Laboratory diagnosis of aspergillosis2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks144Four opportunistic infections seen in AIDS patients and causative agents.2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks145What is germ tube test2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks146Name four anti-fungal agents2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks147Otomycosis2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks148Slide culture technique2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks149What are dimorphic fungi. Name two dimorphic fungi.2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks150Germ tube test2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks151Germ tube test2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks152Lacto Phenol Cotton Blue mount (LPCB mount)2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks153Give two examples of antifungal drugs.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks154Germ tube test2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks155Name any TWO dimorphic fungi2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks156Define dimorphic fungi with two examples2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks157Mucocutaneous candidiasis2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks158Name four agents causing opportunistic fungal infection2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks159Intermediate and definitive host for toxoplasma gondii.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks160Egg of schistoma hematobium.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks161Cyst of giardia.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks162Eggs of nematodes2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks163Mycetism2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks164Halophilic vibrios2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks165Intestinal flagellates2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks166Mycotic poisoning2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks167Non-bile stained eggs2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks168Tissue nematodes2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks169Opportunistic parasitic infection2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks170Halophilic vibrios2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks171Define definitive host with an example.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks172Draw the diagram of enterobius vermicularis egg with labelling2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks173Name four intestinal nematodes2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks174Define definitive host. Give two examples2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks175Define intermediate host. Give two examples2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks176Visceral larva migrans2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks177Halophilic vibrios2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks178Draw neat labeled diagram of microfilaria bancrofti2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks179Casoni’s intradermal test2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks180Define intermediate host with an example.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks181Draw and label Hook Worm Ova.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks182Name four parasites causing anemia.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks183Draw and label Ancyclostoma ova2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks184The Term 'L-D Body' is expanded as Leishmania-Donovani Body (L-D Body)2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks185Cyst of entamoeba histolytica2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks186Lab diagnosis of hydatid cyst2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks187Microfilaria2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks188Enumerate four agents causing zoonotic infection2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks189DEC provocation test2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks190Coxsackie viruses.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks191Prions2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks192Active immunity.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks193Cytopathic effect (CPE)2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks194Gamma interferon.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks195MMR vaccine.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks196Morphology of bacteriophage2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks197Coagulase test2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks198Papilloma virus2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks199Eclipse phase in viral replication.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks200Significance of p24 antigen.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks201Secretory IgA2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks202Continuous cell lines2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks203Hereditary angioneurotic edema2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks204Gene therapy2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks205Cell cultures for growing viruses2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks206Virus cultivation by cell culture method.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks207Tissue culture2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks208Adjuvants2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks209Aseptic meningitis2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks210IgA2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks211Tissue cell line culture2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks212Give two examples of antiviral drugs.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks213Adjuvant2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks214Koch’s postulates.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks215Elusion2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks216Pulse polio programme2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks217Immunofluorescence.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks218Hepatitis B vaccine2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks219Primary cell culture2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks220Window period in HIV infection2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks221Pulse polio programme.2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks222Natural passive immunity2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks223Opportunistic viral infections in AIDS patients.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks224Gamma interferon.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks225Adjuvant.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks226Incubation period.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks227Name two acute inflammatory markers.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks228Polio vaccines2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks229Monoclonal antibodies and its TWO applications2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks230Human papilloma virus2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks231Clinical significance of IgM2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks232Coagulase test.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks233List four oxidase positive organisms2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks234Louis Pasteur2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks235Pasteurization2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks236Presumptive coliform count2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks237Eijkman test2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks238Pasteurisation.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks239Koch’s postulates.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks240Koch’s postulates2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (25)
241Drug of choice for treatment in this patient is2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1.8 marks242What is the probable causative agent for meningitis in this patient2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1.8 marks243An important virulence factor in this bacterium is2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1.8 marks244This bacterium escapes immune destruction due to2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1.8 marks245Opportunistic fungal infections include2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1.8 marks246Autoinfection is noted in2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1.8 marks247Gram negative bacteria are inherently resistant to2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark248An example of extrachromosomal element is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark249A marker of sepsis is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark250Cutaneous wound infections NOT caused by2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark251Fungal filament in skin scrapings can be visualized after digestion using2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark252River blindness is caused by2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark253Diethylcarbamazine provocation test is NOT done for2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark254A fact NOT pathognomonic of visceral Leishmaniasis is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark255This is NOT a mode of transmission of Schistosoma hematobium2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark256Bile-stained eggs are seen in infection with2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark257Fungal infection of a nail (Onychomycosis) is caused by2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark258Which of the following can be used to cultivate viruses2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark259A: B lymphocytes have immunological memory.
R: Helper T lymphocytes help B lymphocytes make antibodies2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark260Hand foot and mouth disease is NOT caused by2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark261Western blot test for HIV2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark262A: Window period in HIV infection is from entry of virus to appearance of symptoms.
R: Guidelines for HIV testing in India have been laid down by National AIDS Control Organisation.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark263What is the likely clinical diagnosis2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark264The protein which acts as virulence factor is the2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark265Regarding the laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (36)
266Name two narrow spectrum antibiotics.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark267Name two antibiotics inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark268Name two methods to test antibiotic susceptibility.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark269Clinical importance of plasmids in bacteria with two examples.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark270Name two selective media2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark271Name the selective medium for Nessieria gonorrhea.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark272Name two selective media.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark273Satellitism.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark274Name two bacteria with capsule.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark275Which organism is identified by Nagler’s reaction.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark276Name TWO transport media.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark277Name two dimorphic fungi.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark278What are dimorphic fungi.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark279Write two identifying features of Cryptococcus neoformans.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark280Causative agent of pityriasis versicolor2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark281Name TWO fungi causing otomycosis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark282Name TWO etiological agents causing opportunistic mycoses2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark283Name one rapid laboratory test to diagnose Candida albicans.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark284Name two protozoa that commonly cause opportunistic infection in AIDS.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark285Name any two parasites causing anaemia2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark286Name two non-bile stained eggs.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark287List methods of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark288What is the mode of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark289What is the stage in the life cycle of trypanosomes infective to Man.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark290Name ONE parasite affecting lungs2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark291Draw and label fertilized ova of Ascaris Lumbricoides.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark292Name TWO parasites causing lung infection2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark293Name the infective form of Entamoeba histolytica.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark294Name any two viruses causing diarrhoeal disease2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark295Name four contributions of Louis Pasteur2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark296What is the role of memory cells in immune response.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark297Define acute phase reactants. Give one example.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark298Name TWO tests used for diagnosis of HIV infection in window period.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark299Name two non –sporing, anaerobic gram negative bacilli.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark300Which viral disease is acquired from camel.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark301Name two bacterial commensals found in the gastrointestinal tract.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Immunology
Immunology
Essays (3)
1Classify hypersensitivity. Describe the pathogenesis of each one of them with examples.
Draw diagrams wherever necessary (1+11+3)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Describe the mechanism of cell mediated immune response. Add a note on its
applications, detection methods, and name the immunodeficiency diseases associated
with defect in cell mediated immunity. (7+2+3+3)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks3A 20 year old male develops redness and swelling over the skin after eating peanuts.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 8 marks
Short Essays (24)
4Enumerate the various classes of immunoglobulins. Write briefly on the structure and
properties of IgG (2+2+4)2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 10 marks5Enumerate the classes of immunoglobulins. Write briefly on structure and properties of
IgM2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks6Role of complement in immune response2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks7List antigen presenting cells and discuss their role in immune response.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks8Discuss mechanisms of innate immunity.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks9Discuss various mechanisms of autoimmunity.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks10Type III hypersensitivity2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks11State six differences between active and passive immunity.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks12Classify types of vaccines with one example each. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of different
types of vaccines. (2+4)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks13ELISA2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks14Pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks15Classical pathway of complement activation.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks16Discuss type I hypersensitivity reaction2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks17Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks18Type 4 hypersensitivity2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks19Type IV hypersensitivity2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks20Type I hypersensitivity.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks21Type 1 hypersensitivity2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks22Type I hypersensitivity2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks23Type I Hypersensitivity reactions.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks24Classify Hyper sensitivity reactions. Write in detail about type IV Hypersensitivity2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks25Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks26Innate immunity2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks27Graft – versus – host ( GVH ) reaction2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks
Short Answers (2)
Short Notes (54)
30lgM.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks31Super antigens2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks32Hapten2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks33Enumerate the four classes of immunoglobulins.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks34Properties and functions of IgM.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks35IgG (Immunoglobulin G)2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks36ELISA2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks37Complement fixation test.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks38ELISA – types and applications2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks39Super antigen with an example2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks40Immunological tolerance2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks41Mention mechanisms of autoimmunity2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks42Name four autoimmune diseases2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks43Mechanisms of autoimmune disease2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks44Name four autoimmune diseases.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks45Write TWO mechanisms of autoimmunity2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks46Opsonization2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks47List role of complement in health and disease2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks48Differences between ‘T’ & ‘B’ lymphocytes2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks49Thymus2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks50T lymphocytes.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks51HLA antigens2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks52Antigen presenting cells.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks53Immunological effects of TNF2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks54Primary mediators of type I hypersensitivity2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks55Serum sickness2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks56Type 3 hypersensitivity.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks57Give two examples of mediators of type I hypersensitivity.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks58B cells.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks59Natural killer cells2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks60B-lymphocytes2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks61T-helper cells.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks62CD4 lymphocyte.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks63CD4+ T lymphocytes2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks64Innate immunity2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks65Phagocytosis.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks66Graft – versus host reaction2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks67Give two examples of tumor associated antigens.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks68Significance of MHC in transplantation.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks69Live attenuated vaccines2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks70BCG vaccine2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks71DPT vaccine2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks72Define artificial active immunity with two examples2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks73List four contributions of Louis Pasteur to microbiology2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks74Passive immunity2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks75BCG vaccine2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks76Give two examples of live attenuated vaccines.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks77DPT vaccine2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks78MR vaccine2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks79Artificial passive immunity with two examples2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks80Louis Pasteur2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks81Give three examples of live attenuated vaccines.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks82Name four killed vaccines.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks83Name any TWO live vaccines2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (5)
84The available vaccines are2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1.8 marks85A: T lymphocytes confer innate immunity.
R: Dendritic cells act as antigen presenting cells.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark86Characteristics of innate immunity include2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark87Tissue transplantation between identical twins is an example of2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark88A: Tumor marker used for the diagnosis of Hepatocellular carcinoma in adult is alpha fetoprotein.
R: Alpha fetoprotein is a protein expressed on normal cells in fetal life but not in adult life normally;
exponentially high levels in tumor cells.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (9)
89Name the antibody giving local mucosal immunity.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark90Name TWO mechanisms of auto-immunity.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark91Name two antigen presenting cells.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark92Name TWO human prion diseases2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark93What is mucosal immunity.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark94Name two immunosuppressive agents.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark95Name two vaccines used that prevent cancers.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark96Which arm of immune response plays an important role in controlling nocardiosis.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark97What is an adjuvant. Give one example.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Infections of Bloodstream and Cardiovascular System
Infections of Bloodstream and Cardiovascular System
Essays (27)
1A 5-year-old girl was brought in by her mother with the symptoms of fever, vomiting (7-8
episode2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2A 20-year-old woman came to the Medicine OPD with history of fever, fatigue and
abdominal discomfort since 4 days. It did not resolve with antipyretics. Samples were
collected for the common probable causes of this condition and was confirmed as
typhoid fever.
(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks3A 50-year-old woman, an agriculture worker came with complaints of fever, malaise,
headache with yellow discolouration of sclera in eyes for the past 5 days. O/E
microalbuminuria. There were floods in her place in the previous week.
(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks410-year-old girl presented with migrating joint pain, painless small nodules on the feet,
and fever for the past 4 days. O/E murmur was observed on auscultation. ECG showed
prolonged PR interval. ESR and CRP were raised. Parents gave a history of repeated
sore throat infections earlier.
(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 12 marks519 years old female patient complaints of fever biphasic in nature with severe bone
pains in the back and limbs. She had maculo-papular rash and developed
haemorrhagic manifestations. Answer the following:2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks620 years boy admitted in hospital with history of high grade fever and severe back
pain and joint pain and bleeding gums. Answer the following.
What is the probable diagnosis and the infecting agent.
Classify arbo viruses and the ones seen in India.
Name the complications of above disease
Briefly describe the lab. diagnosis and prophylactic measures employed.
(1+3+2+2+2)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks7A 14 years old boy presents with complaints of fever, headache, retro bulbar pain
maculopapular rash, pain in the back and limbs for the past ten days. The fever is
typically biphasic in nature. Answer the following.
What is the probable diagnosis and the causative agent
How the disease is transmitted. Name two other diseases transmitted in the
same way.
Name the investigations for specific diagnosis and test for complications
Name two complications of this disease
What are the preventing measures to be employed (1+2+2+3+2)2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks8Read the clinical history and answer the following questions:
A 15 years old boy was admitted in ward with history of fever, malaise, anorexia and
adnominal discomfort. He had a coated tongue, toxemia, relative bradycardia and
splenomegaly on palpation of abdomen.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks9A 25 years old male comes to a medical outpatient department with complaints of high
fever with relative bradycardia for the past one week, he has headache, coated tongue
and hepatosplenomegaly. Answer the following:2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks10A male patient aged 20 years came with a history of fever for 15 days duration with
coated tongue and soft palpable spleen. Answer the following:2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks11A thirty two years old lady presented with complaints of step ladder type of high fever,
headache and coated tongue for the past ten days. She had hepatosplenomegaly
and bradycardia. Blood count showed leucopoenia. Answer the following:
What is the diagnosis of this condition
Name the species of bacteria causing this condition
Discuss about the pathogenesis of this disease
How will you confirm the diagnosis in the laboratory
Name the vaccines used for prevention of this disease (1+1+3+3+2)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks12A 30 years old male patient suffering with intense headache, abdominal discomfort
since 6 days. He developed fever of remittent type with gradual rise in a step ladder
fashion. On examination he was toxic with temperature of 101.40F, tongue was
coated and mild splenomegaly present.
What is the most probable diagnosis. Name the causative agents.
Describe the pathogenesis of this disease
Describe in detail the sample collection and laboratory diagnosis of this
condition.
Name four drugs used for treatment
Discuss the preventive measures (2+2+3+1+2)2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks13A 70 year old man was brought to the emergency department with fever, cough, and dyspnoea. Physical
examination revealed a dull note on percussion. X-ray chest revealed a patch on the right lung area. The
gram stain of sputum sample revealed numerous pus cells and Gram positive lanceolate shaped
diplococci.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks14A young adult female presented with headache, fever and abdominal discomfort for
the past 5 days. On examination, she was toxic with a temperature of 1010 F, coated
tongue and mild splenomegaly were also present.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks15Read the clinical history and answer the following questions:
A 35 year old man presented to the medical OPD with a history of intractable diarrhea for
the past one week. He gave past history of multiple exposures six months back. On
clinical examination he was emaciated and oral thrush was present.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks16A male patient aged 35 years came to STD outpatient department with a history of
exposure and is complaining of intractable diarrhea of one month duration with loss of
weight and prolonged fever. Answer the following:2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks17A 35-year-old male with history of multiple sex partners was admitted with complaints
of unexplained fever, progressive loss of weight, persistent diarrhea and generalized
lymphadenopathy for past six months
What is the most probable diagnosis
Draw a labeled diagram of the morphology of the causative agent of this
condition
Discuss the pathogenesis
Write lab diagnosis of the above condition in detail
Name two parasites causing diarrhoea in this group of patients
Mention the prophylactic measures (1+1+2+3+1+2)2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks18Read the following clinical history and answer the following questions:
A 30 years old man presented with history of fever, chills on and off; O/E patient had
hepatosplenomegaly, pallor++. A peripheral blood smear helped in the diagnosis.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks19A 45 years old male complaints of intermittent high grade fever which was cyclical and
associated with rigor and chills. On examination he has hepatosplenomegaly. Answer
the following:2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks20A 52 years old man presents with the complaints of intermittent high fever, rigors and
headache for the past 6 days. He gives a history of fever on alternate days and on
examination has hepatosplenomegaly. Answer the following.
What is the diagnosis of this condition
List the species of the causative agent
Name the definitive and intermediate hosts
Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of this condition
Enumerate the important preventive measures to prevent this disease
(1+2+1+4+2)2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks21A six-year-old boy presented with history of dysphagia, fever and throat pain for the
last 3 days. On examination, his throat was congested and tender lymphadenopathy
in the cervical area was noted.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks22A 30-year-old truck driver presented with diarrhoea of one-month duration. He gives
history of multiple exposure with commercial sex workers2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 9 marks23A 25-year-old migrant labourer was brought to outpatient department with high grade
fever, severe myalgia and retro orbital pain. On examination, he had maculopapular
rashes over his body. Blood examination showed thrombocytopenia and NS1 antigen
positive2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 8 marks24A 40 year old male presented with complaints of unexplained fever, loss of weight,
persistent diarrhoea and generalized lymphadenopathy for past six months. He gave
a history of exposure with multiple sex partners2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 8 marks25An adult male presents with complaints of high grade fever with chills and rigor for the
past 6 days. On examination, patient has anemia and hepatosplenomegaly.
Peripheral smear examination shows multiple ring forms.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 8 marks26A 24 year old male presented with fever, headache, severe myalgia, retrobulbar pain
for past five days. On examination, he had maculopapular rash all over his body.
Blood examination revealed thrombocytopenia2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 7 marks27A 12-year-old child complained of high fever (1010C), malaise and abdominal pain since
7 days. A blood culture and the Rapid Typhi-dot test was found positive.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Essays (34)
28Define food poisoning, Enumerate the organism causing food poisoning. Describe the
lab diagnosis (1+3+4)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks29Discuss laboratory diagnosis of LRTI.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks30Describe the indications and different methods of blood culture. Discuss sample
collection for blood culture. (3+2+3)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks31Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of a patient suspected of having HIV infection.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks32Describe the etiopathogenesis and lab diagnosis of kala- azar.
(PTO)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks33Classification of Streptococci with examples. Write about the diseases caused by
Streptococcus pyogenes. Add a note on laboratory diagnosis. (2+3+3)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks34Discuss laboratory diagnosis of dimorphic fungi.
(PTO)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks35Name the causative agents of enteric fever. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis (2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks36List four bacterial zoonotic infections. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of any one of them (2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks37Dengue hemorrhage fever2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks38Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Dengue fever2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks39Agglutination type of reaction in antigen-antibody combination.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks40Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks41Agglutination reactions2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks42Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks43Pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of typhoid fever.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks44Name four tube agglutination tests. Describe in detail any one of them.2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks45Agglutination.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks46Laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks47Leptospirosis2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks48Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks49What are the clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of filariasis2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks50Laboratory diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks51Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of filariasis2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks52Lymphatic filariasis.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks53Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of faciparum malariae.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks54Laboratory diagnosis of falciparum malaria and its complications2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks55Asexual life cycle of plasmodium vivax.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks56Lab diagnosis of malaria2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks57Laboratory diagnosis of malaria2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks58Laboratory diagnosis of falciparum Malaria.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks59Dimorphic fungi2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks60Dimorphic fungi2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks61Candidiasis2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks
Short Answers (8)
62Enumerate the agents causing enteric fever. Name the serological test indicated for the above condition.
In which week of illness should the test be done. What is the gold standard method for diagnosis and in
which week of illness is it highly sensitive. (1+1+1+0.5 +0.5)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks63List one viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic opportunistic infection seen in AIDS patients.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks64Prevention of transmission of HIV from mother to child.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks65Add a note on lab diagnosis of Pernicious Malaria.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks66Enumerate four fungi causing systemic mycosis. Add a note on laboratory diagnosis of
Histoplasmosis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks67Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks68Enumerate FOUR fungi causing systemic mycosis. Write briefly the laboratory diagnosis
of any one of them.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks69Describe the life cycle of plasmodium falciparum2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 3 marks
Short Notes (52)
70Laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks71Standard agglutination test for brucellosis.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks72Viral haemorrhagic fever.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks73Two arboviral infections2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks74Lab diagnosis of dengue fever2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks75Name two viral hemorrhagic fever2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks76Complications of Dengue fever2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks77Listeria monocytogenes.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks78Widal test2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks79Widal test.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks80Laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks81Widal test2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks82Name any two antigen-antibody reactions.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks83Name FOUR antigen- antibody reactions2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks84Halophilic Vibrios2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks85Window period in HIV infection2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks86Window period in HIV2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks87Kala azar2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks88Name the causative agent ant transmitting vector for kala azar2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks89Laboratory diagnosis of kala azar2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks90Weil’s disease.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks91Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks92Weil’s disease2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks93Microfilaria2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks94Bancroftian filariasis.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks95Lab diagnosis of filariasis caused by Brugia malayi2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks96Microfilaria of Loa-Loa2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks97Life cycle of plasmodium falciparum.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks98Name complications of falciparum malaria2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks99Complication of falciparum malaria2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks100Name four complications of Falciparum malaria.2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks101Complications of falciparum malaria2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks102Lab diagnosis of malaria2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks103Complication of falciparum malaria2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks104Rapid diagnostic methods of Malaria2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks105Lyme disease2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks106Relapsing fever2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks107Lyme disease2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks108Name two important non-suppurative complications of streptococcus pyogenes2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks109Latex agglutination test2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks110‘Q’ fever.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks111Weil-felix reaction2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks112Scrub typhus.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks113Q- fever2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks114Weil felix test.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks115Pencilliosis2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks116Histoplasma capsulatum.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks117Candida infection2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks118Penicillosis2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks119Enumerate four dimorphic fungi2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks120Penicillosis2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks121Name four dimorphic fungi.2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (12)
122Criteria to be fulfilled for diagnosis of above condition2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark123A fastidious bacteria of zoonotic origin associated with above condition2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark124Commonest agent causing above condition2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark125What is the most probable diagnosis2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark126Visceral leishmaniasis2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark127A: Plasmodium falciparum is the species of Plasmodium producing most serious complications.
R: Malaria is caused by bite of female Anopheles mosquito2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark128The serological test used for this condition is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark129The probable clinical diagnosis is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark130Recurrence of such episodes as in this case can be prevented by prophylaxis with2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark131In the above question, antibiotic treatment should be continued for2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark132Which of the following is important for diagnosis2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark133A: Culture negative endocarditis is seen in infection caused by Coxiella burnetti.
R: All culture negative endocarditis are due to prior antibiotic exposure.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (10)
134Name TWO zoonotic infections2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark135Name the reservoir of infection and method of transmission of Penicillium marneffei
infection.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark136Name two complications of Enteric fever2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark137Name two bacterial zoonotic diseases.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark138Name 4 parasitic infections affecting the blood2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark139Which is the microbe causing lymphatic filariasis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark140Name two tissue nematodes.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark141Name two parasitic disease where man acts as intermediate host.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark142Name two rapid tests used for diagnosis of malaria.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark143Name TWO complications of malignant malaria.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Infections of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary System
Infections of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary System
Essays (11)
1Four workers from a construction site were admitted in a primary health centre with
watery diarrhoea, fatigue and muscle cramps. On examination, they were dehydrated
with tachycardia. The stool samples were collected for examination and appeared like
rice water. The bacteria isolated in stool culture was comma shaped and motile.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Read the clinical history and answer the following questions:
A 24 years old man was admitted in medical ward with a history of diarrhea for the
past two days. On clinical examination he was severely dehydrated. The macroscopic
appearance of the stool resembled ‘rice water’. Answer the following:2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks3A 40 years old male complains of effortless passage of loose watery stools for about
10 times in the past 24 hours. The stool is colorless, watery fluid with flecks of mucus
resembling rice water. Answer the following:2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks4A twenty five years old man presented with the complaints of frequent passage of
profuse, painless, watery diarrhea and copious effortless vomiting for the past two
days. He was severely dehydrated and his stool was rice watery with flecks of
mucous. Answer the following:
What is your diagnosis
Name the bacteria causing this disease
Mention the mode of transmission of this disease
Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of this condition
List the preventive measures to be followed to prevent this disease.(1+1+2+4+2)2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks5A 36 years man was having watery diarrhea and vomiting. He was admitted to the
hospital for management of dehydration. Answer the following:
Define diarrhea.
Enumerate the bacterial etiologic agents of diarrhea.
Describe the pathogenesis of this clinical entity.
How will you provide prophylaxis. (1+2+5+2)2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks6Read the following clinical history and answer the following
Mother of a small child was complaining about passing half an inch pale white motile
worms in stool.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks7A 45 years old patient was admitted to the hospital with history of loss of appetite,
malaise and jaundice of one month duration. He also gave history of blood transfusion
in the past. On laboratory examination he was found to be positive for HBsAg.
What is the etiological diagnosis
What are the various clinical features
Discuss various routes of transmission of disease
Describe the laboratory diagnosis of the condition
What are the prophylactic measures of this condition (1+2+2+3+2)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks8An adult male aged 26 years was suffering from severe anemia due to iron deficiency.
He was given blood transfusions to correct anemia. Two months later, he developed
yellowishness of the sclera and also complained of passing high coloured urine.
Answer the following:
Name the probable etiologic agents.
What are the other modes of transmission of this agent.
How will you proceed with the laboratory diagnosis.
How will you protect the individual from acquiring this infection (2+2+5+1)2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks9A 30 year old female was brought to the hospital with complaints of loss of weight and appetite of
3 months duration. On examination, she was jaundiced and hepatomegaly present. she gave a history of
blood transfusion in the past. Lab investigation showed she was HBsAg positive.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks1035-year-old male came to the surgery out-patient department with vague abdominal discomfort
and intermittent pain in the right upper quadrant for the past four months. On examination, there
is mild tenderness in the right upper quadrant and hepatomegaly. Ultrasound examination of the
abdomen revealed a large, well defined cystic lesion in the right lobe of the liver. The patient has
no significant history in the past. He has a fondness for stray dogs in his neighborhood.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 8 marks11A 30-year-old previously healthy woman presented to Medicine OPD with malaise, low-
grade fever, nausea, vomiting, aversion to food, mild itching since one month. Serum
showed elevated levels of AST and ALT and presence of antiHBcIgM.
(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Essays (18)
12Write briefly on the pathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of
Ascariasis. (3+2+3)2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks13Difference between bacterial and amoebic dysentery. Add a note on morphology and lab
diagnosis of E.histolytica (3+2+3)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks14Classify nematodes, Enumerate intestinal nematodes. Add a note on life cycle,
pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of Hookworm. (1+2+5)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks15Enumerate viruses causing gastroenteritis. Add a note on Morphology, Pathogenesis ,Lab
diagnosis and prevention of rotavirus infection (2+6)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks16What are the differences between Hepatitis A virus and Hepatitis B virus. Describe
various markers of HBV in detail and their applications (3+5)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks17Shigellosis.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks18Etiology and laboratory diagnosis of Cholera. (1+5)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks19Hydatid disease.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks20A biopsy was taken from a patient, clinically diagnosed with acid peptic disease, during
endoscopy.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks21Pathogenesis and complications of ascariasis2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks22Ascaris lumbricoides.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks23Entamoeba histolytica.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks24Hydatid disease.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks25Lab diagnosis of helicobacter infection2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks26Hook worm2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks27Life cycle of taenia solium.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks28Vaccination against hepatitis B2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks29Laboratory diagnosis of acute hepatitis B infection2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks
Short Answers (7)
30Antibiotic associated diarrhea.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks31Hydatid disease2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks32Laboratory diagnosis of Giardiasis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks33Cysticercus cellulosae2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks34Write the serological markers of Hepatitis B virus infection and their significance.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks35Hepatitis C virus- modes of transmission and laboratory diagnosis. (2+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks36Mycotoxins of medical importance2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 3 marks
Short Notes (61)
37Ascariasis2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks38Mention two important complications of ascaris lumbricoides infestation2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks39Name FOUR intestinal nematodes2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks40Difference between amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks41Differences between bacillary and amoebic dysentery2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks42Bacillus cereus2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks43Botulism2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks44Laboratory diagnosis of cholera2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks45Pathogenesis of cholera2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks46Clostridium difficile2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks47Clostridium difficile2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks48Cryptosporidium parvum.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks49Cryptosporidium2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks50Cryptosporidium parvum2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks51Cryptosporidium2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks52Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks53Diarrhaegenic escherichia coli.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks54Types of diarrhoeogenic esherichia coli.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks55Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks56Name four different bacteria causing dysentery2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks57Hydatid cyst2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks58Hydatid cyst2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks59Hydatid cyst2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks60Hydatid disease2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks61Draw a labelled diagram of hydatid cyst2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks62Hydatid cyst2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks63Hydatid cyst2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks64NIH swab2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks65Giardiasis.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks66Name four parasites causing water borne diseases.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks67Giardiasis2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks68Giardia lamblia.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks69Giardia lamblia2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks70Helicobacter pylori.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks71Helicobacter pylori.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks72Hook worm2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks73Name two parasite which causes iron deficiency anemia2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks74Extra intestinal amoebiasis2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks75Cysticercus cellulosae in man2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks76Cysticercus cellulosae in man.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks77Cysticercus cellulosae2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks78Name two liver flukes2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks79Mycotoxins.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks80Mycotoxins2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks81Mycotoxins2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks82Mycotoxins2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks83Larva currens2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks84Autoinfection2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks85Name four viruses causing diarrhea2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks86Viral diarrhea2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks87Rota virus vaccine.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks88Name TWO viruses causing diarrhoea2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks89Enumerate enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks90Serological markers of hepatitis B infection.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks91Lab diagnosis of hepatitis B2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks92Lab. diagnosis of hepatitis B infection2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks93Name four markers of Hepatitis-B infection.2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks94Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks95Carriers in Hepatitis B virus infection2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks96Hepatitis B surface antigen2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks97Hepatitis B vaccine2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (7)
98Pathogens causing loose stools with blood and mucus are2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1.8 marks99Pseudomembranous colitis characteristics are2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1.8 marks100A 28 year old male, following consumption of canned food, came with complaints of difficulty in
swallowing, blurred vision, which soon progressed to respiratory paralysis. This bacteria is NOT the
likely etiology.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark101A: In botulism, the patient presents with blurring of vision and difficulty to sallow
R: The botulinum toxin affects the Parasympathetic nerves2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark102Cholera2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark103A: Hook worm causes iron deficiency anemia
R: Anemia is due to chronic blood loss2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark104A: Hepatitis B virus is preventable by vaccination.
R: Hepatitis B can be transmitted parenterally.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (4)
105Name TWO halophilic vibrios.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark106Name the etiologic agent of Hydatid disease and mention the definitive and intermediate
host2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark107Name two hepatitis viruses that are transmitted by Faeco-oral route.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark108Which is the high-risk group for acquiring fulminant hepatitis with Hepatitis E virus.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Infections of Genitourinary Tract and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Infections of Genitourinary Tract and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Essays (5)
1Read the following clinical history and answer the following:
A 25 years old man came to STD OPD with history of white pus discharging through
urethra for the past two days. He gave history of exposure about five days back. On
examination signs of urethritis were seen.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks2A young adult male came to skin O.P with complaints of painless indurated ulcer on
the penis. He gives history of unprotected sex with multiple partners.
What is your provisional diagnosis. Name the causative agent
Describe in detail the pathogenesis of this disease
How do you confirm the diagnosis in the laboratory
How do you treat the patient
What are the complications of this condition (2+2+3+1+2)2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks3A twenty five years old lady presented with frequency in passing urine and pain during
micturition along with fever for the last five days. Microscopy of urine showed plenty of
pus cells and bacilli . Answer the following:2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks4A 25 year old female patient came to medical O.P with history of high grade fever with
chills rigor. She also complaints of painful micturition.
What is your provisional diagnosis
Name four common bacteria causing this condition
Describe in detail the sample collection transport and processing for the
laboratory diagnosis of this condition
Name four drugs used for treating this patient
What are the predisposing factors for the above condition (1+2+4+2+1)2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks5A 26 years old pregnant lady presented with fever, dysuria suprapubic pain.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 7 marks
Short Essays (3)
6Laboratory diagnosis of syphilis2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks7Describe the etiology, specimen collection and laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract
infection. (2+2+4)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks8Pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of syphilis.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks
Short Answers (5)
9Trichomonas vaginalis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks10Lymphogranuloma venereum.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks11Standard tests for Syphilis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks12Standard tests for syphilis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks13Trichomanas vaginalis2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 3 marks
Short Notes (17)
14Trichomonas vaginalis2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks15Haemophilus ducreyi2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks16Non-gonococcal urethritis2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks17Non – gonococcal urethritis2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks18Non –gonococcal urethritis.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks19Non – Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks20Nongonococcal urethritis2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks21Lymphogranuloma venereum.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks22Chlamydial conjunctivitis.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks23Tric agents2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks24Rapid plasma reagin test2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks25Name four sexually transmitted diseases and the causative agents2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks26RPR test2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks27Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks28Define significant bacteriuria. Two examples of bacteria causing UTI2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks29Name four different bacteria causing urinary tract infection2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks30Enumerate FOUR bacteria causing urinary tract infection2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (3)
31Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis has the following criteria2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark32Patient presents with a painless indurated ulcer on the external genitalia for three months, probable
causative agent2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark33A: Lymphogranuloma venerum is sexually transmitted infection
R: Lymphogranuloma venerum is transmitted by vectors2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (4)
34List two most common bacterial causes of STDs.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark35List four causes of nongonococcal urethritis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark36Name TWO etiological agents of non-gonococcal urethritis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark37Causative agent of lymphogranuloma venereum2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Infections of Respiratory System
Infections of Respiratory System
Essays (11)
1A 30-year-old female came to emergency department with productive cough, fever,
chest pain and shortness of breath for past 4 days. On examination, her temperature
was 1010F respiratory rate was 30/min, Chest examination revealed decreased breath
sounds on left lung. Chest X-ray showed homogenous ground glass opacity in left lower
lobe. Sputum upon gram staining showed gram positive cocci arranged in pairs with
plenty of pus cells.
(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 11 marks2A 10 years old boy was admitted in pediatric ward with history of fever, toxaemia and
on examination. A white patch seen of fauces which bleeds on removal. He was not
immunized properly. Answer the following:2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks330 years male admitted in hospital with h/o high grade fever, head ache, nasal
discharge and cough and breathing difficulty. Answer the following.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks4Read the following clinical history and answer the following questions
A 45 years old diabetic male was hospitalized in ICU isolation ward for the following
complaints. High fever for two days, rapidly progressive sore throat, cough, dyspnoea
and headache of one day duration. He gave history of returning from a country which
was notified for the presence of a pandemic flu like disease.
What is the most probable diagnosis.
What specimen do you collect from the patient
How do you transport it to laboratory
How will you proceed with the specimen in the microbiology lab for the proper
lab diagnosis.
What is the role of vaccine in preventing this disease (1+1+2+4+2)2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks5Read the clinical history and answer the following questions:
A 20 year old young male was admitted with history of fever with evening rise of
temperature and cough since two months. Recently he developed haemoptysis. X-ray
showed features of right lobe consolidation2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks6A 35 years old female patient was admitted to the hospital with low grade fever, loss
of weight and appetite and chronic cough with expectoration for past 5 months.
Microscopic examination of sputum revealed long, slender and beaded acid fast
bacilli.
What is your provisional diagnosis
What is the probable etiological agent
Describe the pathogenesis of this condition
Discuss the laboratory diagnosis in detail
Mention briefly about the drug resistance that can occur in this causative agent
(1+1+3+3+2)2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks7A 40-year-old male presented to pulmonary medicine outpatient department with history
of productive cough of more than 3 weeks duration, evening rise of temperature and
loss of weight. Microscopic examination of sputum showed acid fast bacilli.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks8A 45 year old smoker comes to medicine OPD with a history of low grade fever with an
evening rise of temperature, loss of weight and productive cough for the past two
months. Recently, he had hemoptysis. Microscopic examination of sputum sample
revealed acid fast bacilli.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks9A 5-year-old boy presented to paediatric OP with fever, sore throat, difficulty in
swallowing. He has no records of vaccination O/E cervical lymphadenopathy and white
patch seen on the tonsil.
(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 9 marks10A 50 year old male presented to medicine OPD with evening rise of temperature,
weight loss and productive cough for the past two months. Microscopic examination of
the sputum revealed acid fast bacilli.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 8 marks11A 45-year-old smoker comes to outpatient department with history of productive cough,
evening rise of temperature and loss of weight. Microscopic examination of the sample
revealed acid fast bacilli.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 5 marks
Short Essays (15)
12Discuss the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks13Classify Herpes viruses. Discuss the clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Epstein Barr virus
infection.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks14What is antigenic shift and drift in influenza virus. What are the implications.
What are the risk factors for complications following influenza infection2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks15Discuss the molecular methods available for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks16A 35 year male presented with cough, fever since the past three weeks and weight loss. Blood
counts were normal with raised ESR. Chest x-ray showed right upper lobe consolidation.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks17Cryptococcus neoformans2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks18Cryptococcus neoformans2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks19Cryptococcosis2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks20Laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of Diphtheria2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks21Ebstein-Barr virus.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks22SARS, COVID – 192023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks23Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks24Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks25Laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks26Laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks
Short Answers (7)
27Cryptococcus neoformans2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks28Differentiate between antigenic shift and antigenic drift2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks29Antigenic variations of influenza virus2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks30Antigenic variations in influenza virus2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks31MMR vaccine.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks32MMR vaccine.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks33Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks
Short Notes (45)
34Cryptococcosis2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks35Cryptococcosis2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks36Lab diagnosis of cryptococcus2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks37Cryptococcosis2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks38Cryptococcus neoformans2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks39Cryptococcus neoformans2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks40Eleke’s gel precipitation test2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks41Elek’s test2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks42Nagler reaction.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks43Pathogenesis of diphtheria2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks44Diphtheria toxin2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks45Nagler reaction2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks46Laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks47Satellitism.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks48Satellitism2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks49Satellitism.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks50Satellitism.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks51Satellitism2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks52Satellitism2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks53Infectious mononucleosis.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks54EBV associated malignancies2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks55Antigenic shift in influenza virus.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks56Morphology of influenza virus2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks57Antigenic shift2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks58Draw the morphological structure of influenza virus2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks59Avian influenza2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks60Antigenic variation in influenza virus2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks61Antigenic drift.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks62Antigenic variations of influenza virus2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks63Herd immunity2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks64MMR vaccine2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks65MMR vaccine2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks66Measles vaccine.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks67MMR vaccine2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks68M.M.R vaccine2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks69Bordetella pertussis.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks70Prophylaxis of whooping cough2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks71Give two examples of killed vaccines.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks72Aspergillosis2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks73Enumerate at least four differences between streptococcus pneumoniae and
streptococcus viridians.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks74Mycobacterium avium – intracellular complex2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks75Lab. diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks76Mantoux test.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks77Acid fast staining2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks78Classify non – tuberculous mycobacteria giving examples2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (5)
79A: Influenza viruses are responsible for pandemics over the years
R: Antigenic shift is common is these viruses2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1.8 marks80Features of paragonimus westermanni infection2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1.8 marks81Diphtheria vaccine is a2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark82A: Whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis.
R: Whooping cough is mainly seen in adults.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark83Mechanism of resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicim in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is acquired to2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (12)
84Name TWO bacterial agents causing atypical pneumonia.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark85Which fungal disease is spread by pigeon droppings.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark86What is the mechanism of action of the virulence factor in diphtheria.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark87List TWO common viral causes of community acquired pneumonia.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark88Name an antiviral drug used for the treatment of influenza.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark89Name ONE antiviral drug used for treatment of influenza2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark90What is the pathognomonic clinical feature of measles.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark91Name two airborne infections.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark92Schedule and dosage of DPT vaccine.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark93Name two viral congenital infections.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark94Name TWO viruses causing congenital infections2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark95Name any two discoveries of Robert Koch2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Infections of Skin, Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal System
Infections of Skin, Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal System
Essays (3)
1Read the following clinical history and answer the following questions:
A young adult male met with an accident on the high way and sustained severe injury
to the right thigh. On examination there was foul smelling discharge and crepitus at
some of the areas.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks2A 25-year-old male presented with tender swelling of left foot with serosanguinous
discharge. Is positive for crepitus on examination. He gives H/o traumatic injury one
week back in the same area.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks3A 10 years old boy developed multiple vesicles over the lips and buccal mucosa
scraping taken from the lesion demonstrated presence of multiple giant cells (Tzanck
cells)
What is the most probable diagnosis
Discuss the pathogenesis of the above condition in detail
How do you diagnose this infection in laboratory
Name four other viruses belonging to the same family
What are the other clinical manifestation produced by this virus (1+2+3+2+2)2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks
Short Essays (15)
4Describe the aetiology, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Dermatophytosis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks5Describe the etiology, clinical types and laboratory diagnosis of Dermatophytosis2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks6Describe the etiological agents, clinical types and laboratory diagnosis of
dermatophytes.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks7Describe the etiology and pathogenesis of gas gangrene2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks8Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and immunization of chicken pox.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks9Describe the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of Varicella Zoster virus infection2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks10Larva migrans2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks11Dermatophytes and lab. diagnosis of dermatophytosis2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks12Dermatophytes2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks13Dermatophytes2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks14Classify Dermatophytes. Describe the laboratory diagnosis.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks15Life cycle of dracunculsis medinensis.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks16Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of mycetoma2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks17Mycetoma2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks18Subcutaneous mycosis2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks
Short Answers (8)
19Larva migrans2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks20Lab diagnosis of Ring worm infection2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks21Name four bacteria causing gas gangrene.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks22List risk factors that can lead to disseminated herpes infection and the common
manifestations seen.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks23Describe collection of specimens in a case of suspected leprosy.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks24Enumerate four infections produced by streptococcus pyogenes and the virulence
factors.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks25Sporotrichosis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks26Etiology, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Mycetoma2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks
Short Notes (50)
27Laboratory diagnosis of actinomycosis2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks28Wool sorter’s disease.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks29Malignant pustule2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks30Malignant pustule2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks31Cutaneous anthrax2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks32Malignant pustule2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks33Malignant pustule2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks34Cutaneous larva migrans2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks35Cutaneous larva migrans2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks36Cutaneous larva migrans2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks37Dermatophytes2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks38Dermatophytes2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks39Laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks40Tinea capitis.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks41What are dermatophytes and give examples2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks42Taenia capitis2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks43Dermatophytosis2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks44Cyclops2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks45Cyclops.2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks46Cyclops2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks47Name TWO bacteria causing gas gangrene2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks48Herpes simplex virus 1 ( HSV1 )2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks49Varicella zoster infection2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks50Name TWO complications of varicella zoster virus infection2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks51Ridel-Walker test.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks52Mucormycosis2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks53Molluscum contagiosum2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks54Molluscum contagiosum2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks55Rhinosporidiosis2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks56Rhinosporidiosis2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks57Rhinosporidiosis2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks58Rhinosporidiosis2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks59Toxic shock syndrome.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks60Toxic shock syndrome2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks61Toxic shock syndrome2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks62List toxin mediated infections of staphylococcus aureus2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks63MRSA.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks64Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks65Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks66CAMP reaction2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks67Group B streptococci2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks68Non-suppurative diseases of streptococcus pyogenes2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks69Two non-suppurative sequelae of streptococcus pyogenes infection.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks70Sporotrichosis.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks71Mention four fungi causing subcutaneous mycosis2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks72Mycotic mycetoma2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks73Causative agents of mycetoma2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks74Mycetoma2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks75Sporotrichosis2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks76Name TWO agents causing Mycetoma2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (4)
77Gas gangrene is commonly caused by2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark78Regarding chicken pox,2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark79Hand foot mouth disease is by2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark80The etiological agent in the above diagnosis is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (13)
81List methods of transmission of human anthrax.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark82Name TWO parasites causing cutaneous larva migrans2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark83Name two clinical types of dermatophytoses.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark84List FOUR clinical clues associated with anaerobic infections.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark85Name two viruses which can cause latent infections.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark86Name the organism which causes acute osteomyelitis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark87List modes of transmission of molluscum contagiosum.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark88Name any two superantigens.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark89Name any TWO skin and soft tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark90Name two fungi causing sub cutaneous mycosis2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark91Name any two fungi causing Mycetoma foot.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark92Define mycetoma and give examples of two causative agents.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark93Name two fungi that cause subcutaneous mycosis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Ocular and Ear Infections
Ocular and Ear Infections
Multiple Choice Questions (1)
Oncogenic Viruses
Oncogenic Viruses
Short Answers (1)
Short Notes (4)
2Oncogenic viruses2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks3Name four oncogenic viruses and malignancy caused.2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks4Mention two DNA and two RNA oncogenic viruses2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks5Name two oncogenic viruses2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks
Other Questions (5)
6Name two oncogenic viruses.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark7Name TWO viral vaccines that can prevent carcinoma.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark8Name TWO oncogenic DNA viruses2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark9Name TWO oncogenic viruses2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark10Name TWO viruses that can cause Hepatocellular carcinoma.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Sterilization, Disinfection and Hospital Infection Control
Sterilization, Disinfection and Hospital Infection Control
Essays (4)
1What is Spaulding’s classification. Classify instruments based on that and give
examples of disinfectants used for each. Describe in detail any one gaseous high level
disinfectant (2+9+4)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Define sterilization and disinfection. Name the best method of heat sterilization
temperature/s employed and holding periods. Describe the working of above
instrument and its applications in hospital and lab. What are the sterilization controls
used. (2+2+4+2)2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks3Define sterilization. Classify methods of sterilization. Describe in detail moist methods
below 100˚C, above 100˚C. (1+2+3+4)2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks4A 42-year-old female presented to the OPD with complaints of urinary frequency and
urgency and pain in the lower abdomen. One month back she was treated for the same
complaint. The Urine culture showed significant growth of lactose fermenting colonies
which were Gram negative bacilli.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 8 marks
Short Essays (24)
5Outline steps in biomedical waste management.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 10 marks6Define Health Care Associated Infection. Mention the various types of HAI and their
preventive measures. (2+2+4)
(PTO)2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 10 marks7Describe various modes of biomedical waste disposal with examples.
Add a note on treatment of waste disposal (4+4)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks8Biomedical waste management2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks9MRSA – mechanism of resistance, detection and treatment of cases and carriers,
prevention.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks10Describe the major Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) types. Add a note on standard
precautions (4+4)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks11Write the functions of HICC (Hospital Infection Control Committee). Add a note on
antimicrobial stewardship (5+3)2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks12Ethylene oxide and plasma sterilization (4+4)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks13Enumerate various methods of moist heat sterilisation. Add a note on laboratory
Autoclave.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks14List FOUR clinically important anaerobes. List samples to be collected. Describe the sample collection
process. (2+2+2)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks15What is an antibiogram. How is it useful in a hospital. (2+4)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks16List four hospital acquired infections. Describe care bundle prevention for any one of them (2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks17Central Sterile Supplies Department (CSSD) – draw a schematic diagram of layout and workflow2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks18NACO strategies for HIV diagnosis2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks19Moist heat sterilization techniques.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks20Discuss about autoclave and its uses.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks21Bacterial spore and methods for its disinfection2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks22Hot air oven2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks23Autoclave2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks24Enumerate moist heat methods of sterilization. Write in detail about any one method2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks25Enumerate moist heat methods of sterilization and discuss one method in detail.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks26Describe the principle and applications of autoclave. Add a note on sterilization
controls used2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks27Autoclave2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks28A 25 year old presented to the emergency with breathlessness, cough and fever since five days.
The CT of the chest revealed bilateral ground glass opacities. A working diagnosis of viral
pneumonia was made and samples were sent for confirmation of the etiological agent.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 3 marks
Short Answers (18)
29A 25 year old pregnant lady attended the out patient department with complaints of fever and pain on
micturition . Urine microscopy revealed plenty of pus cells and bacteria.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 7 marks30Segregation of biomedical waste.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks31List 4 disinfectants with respective application in the hospital.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks32NACO strategies for HIV testing2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks33Importance of biofilms in management of infections.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks34Healthcare associated infections – definition, major types, four micro-organisms
transmitted through contact. (1+1+2)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks35List sources of healthcare-associated infections and respective preventive measures2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks36A CSF sample did not reach the laboratory. Discuss the impact on patient care and how this can
be prevented.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks37A swab is collected from an abscess in the ward. The details of the patient on the
sample container do not match those on the request form. Discuss the correct decision
and the appropriate action to be taken.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks38A CSF sample, collected in the ward by lumbar puncture, does not reach the laboratory
for processing for bacterial culture. Discuss the correct decision and the appropriate
action to be taken.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks39A CSF sample was received in microbiology lab without requisition form. How will you
manage this situation2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks40How will you advise a health care worker to avoid needle stick injury while collecting blood from patients.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks41How will you instruct a patient with suspected lower respiratory tract infection to collect a sputum sample.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks42List four modes of transmission of infection, with one example each.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks43A CSF sample for culture was refrigerated and sent to microbiology laboratory. Write the
correct decision and the appropriate action to be taken2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks44List FOUR gaseous sterilants and write two uses of any one of them2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks45What is informed refusal. Describe the importance of appropriate documentation of refusal (2+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 3 marks46List the two common viral infections transmitted via needlestick injuries. Explain how these injuries can be
prevented (1+3)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 3 marks
Short Notes (24)
47Phenol co-efficient2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks48Sporicidal disinfectants2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks49Inspissation2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks50Acinetobacter baumannii2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks51Normal flora of skin2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks52Coagulase negative staphylococci2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks53Hospital acquired infection2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks54Acinetobacter2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks55Name two other pigment producing bacteria.2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks56DEC provocation test2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks57Define Pandemic and give two examples2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks58Name TWO modes of transmission of infection with examples for each2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks59Method of moist heat sterilization.2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks60Incineration2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks61Sterilization using dry heat2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks62Gaseous disinfectant.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks63Radiation as a sterilization method2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks64Name four items sterilized by autoclave2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks65Gaseous disinfectants2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks66Clinical applications of autoclave.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks67Name four sporicidal disinfectants2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks68Enumerate FOUR sporicidal disinfectants2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks69Name any TWO sporicidal disinfectants2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks70Sterilization controls used in autoclave2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 2 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (3)
71A: Used syringe is discarded in red liner, infected plastic waste
R: Waste in red liners are insinerated2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark72Swimming pool granuloma is caused by Mycobacterium2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark73A: Endoscopes are sterilized by autoclave
R: Endoscopes are heat Labine2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (12)
74Name two sporicidal disinfectants.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark75Name TWO antiseptics.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark76Sample, from the respiratory tract, received for Ziehl Neelsen stain is found to be mainly
saliva. Discuss the correct decision and the appropriate action to be taken.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark77If the urine sample, for bacterial culture, collected by the patient is submitted to the
laboratory the next day, is it acceptable. Discuss the correct decision and the
appropriate action to be taken.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark78List two common bacterial causes of healthcare acquired pneumonia.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark79A blood sample received from pediatric ward for culture was found missing in the
laboratory. What measures will you adopt to handle such a situation.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark80A CSF sample was received in microbiology lab for culture. The label in the specimen
container was not matching with the specimen referral form. How will you manage the
situation.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark81Name the disinfectant (with %) to be used for a large spill.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark82What does “N95” refer to in a respirator.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark83A sample was received in laboratory for blood culture from medical ward and it was
found to be wrongly labelled. What measures will you adopt in such a situation.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark84Name two sporicidal disinfectants.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark85Biological control for autoclave2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Zoonotic Infections
Zoonotic Infections
Short Notes (3)
Other Questions (5)
4Name four viruses causing hemorrhagic fever.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark5Name two viral disease transmitted by ticks.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark6Name TWO hemorrhagic fever causing viruses prevalent in Kerala.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark7Name the causative agent and vector of plague2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark8Name TWO biologic agents used as bioweapons2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Paper I
34 Sessions
Paper II
34 Sessions
2013 April (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Bacterial capsule2 marks5Sterilization using dry heat2 marks6Enrichment media with an example2 marks7Toxic shock syndrome2 marks8Differences between exotoxin and endotoxin2 marks9Herd immunity2 marks10Lyme disease2 marks11Opsonization2 marks12Differences between ‘T’ & ‘B’ lymphocytes2 marks13Secretory IgA2 marks
2014 March (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
2015 February (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Super antigen with an example2 marks5Immunological effects of TNF2 marks6Immunological tolerance2 marks7Hereditary angioneurotic edema2 marks8Primary mediators of type I hypersensitivity2 marks9Diarrhaegenic escherichia coli.2 marks10Non-gonococcal urethritis2 marks11Mycobacterium avium – intracellular complex2 marks12Satellitism.2 marks13Scrub typhus.2 marks
2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
2016 February (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
2017 February (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
2018 February (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Laboratory diagnosis of cholera2 marks5Radiation as a sterilization method2 marks6Enriched media2 marks7IgA2 marks8Define artificial active immunity with two examples2 marks9ELISA – types and applications2 marks10Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection2 marks11Laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis2 marks12Laboratory diagnosis of actinomycosis2 marks13Satellitism2 marks
2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4List four contributions of Louis Pasteur to microbiology2 marks5Phenol co-efficient2 marks6Name the causative agent and transmitting vector for plague2 marks7Mention two methods of extra chromosomal transfer of genetic material in bacteria2 marks8Name two other pigment producing bacteria.2 marks9Name four autoimmune diseases2 marks10Malignant pustule2 marks11Name four sexually transmitted diseases and the causative agents2 marks12DPT vaccine2 marks13Lab. diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.2 marks
2019 February (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Negative staining2 marks5BCG vaccine2 marks6Name four items sterilized by autoclave2 marks7Pathogenesis of diphtheria2 marks8RPR test2 marks9Passive immunity2 marks10Clostridium difficile2 marks11Latex agglutination test2 marks12Satellitism2 marks13Name two important non-suppurative complications of streptococcus pyogenes2 marks
2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Gaseous disinfectants2 marks5Transport media2 marks6Enumerate methods of gene – transfer in bacteria2 marks7Adjuvant2 marks8Graft – versus host reaction2 marks9Diphtheria toxin2 marks10Botulism2 marks11Group B streptococci2 marks12Name four different bacteria causing dysentery2 marks13Relapsing fever2 marks
2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Koch’s postulates.2 marks5Clinical applications of autoclave.2 marks6Enrichment media.2 marks7Plasmid and it’s importance in drug resistance.2 marks8Immunofluorescence.2 marks9Phagocytosis.2 marks10Weil’s disease.2 marks11Widal test.2 marks12Enumerate at least four differences between streptococcus pneumoniae and
streptococcus viridians.2 marks13Give two examples of live attenuated vaccines.2 marks
2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Transport media2 marks5List four oxidase positive organisms2 marks6Plasmid2 marks7Name four different bacteria causing urinary tract infection2 marks8Disc diffusion method of antibiotic sensitivity testing2 marks9List toxin mediated infections of staphylococcus aureus2 marks10DPT vaccine2 marks11Non-suppurative diseases of streptococcus pyogenes2 marks12Nagler reaction2 marks13Halophilic vibrios2 marks
2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Non –gonococcal urethritis.2 marks5Ridel-Walker test.2 marks6Transposons.2 marks7Give two examples of tumor associated antigens.2 marks8Standard agglutination test for brucellosis.2 marks9T lymphocytes.2 marks10Two non-suppurative sequelae of streptococcus pyogenes infection.2 marks11Enumerate the four phases of bacterial growth curve.2 marks12Mantoux test.2 marks13Give two examples of killed vaccines.2 marks
2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever2 marks5Sporicidal disinfectants2 marks6Anaerobic culture methods2 marks7Mechanisms of autoimmune disease2 marks8Artificial passive immunity with two examples2 marks9Define significant bacteriuria. Two examples of bacteria causing UTI2 marks10Acid fast staining2 marks11Malignant pustule2 marks12Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis2 marks13Laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria2 marks
2022 February (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1Classify hypersensitivity. Describe the pathogenesis of each one of them with examples.
Draw diagrams wherever necessary (1+11+3)15 marks2A 50-year-old woman, an agriculture worker came with complaints of fever, malaise,
headache with yellow discolouration of sclera in eyes for the past 5 days. O/E
microalbuminuria. There were floods in her place in the previous week.
(15 marks
Short essays5
3Describe various virulence factors in bacteria with examples.8 marks4Describe principles of genetic engineering and their applications.8 marks5Describe various modes of biomedical waste disposal with examples.
Add a note on treatment of waste disposal (4+4)8 marks6Classify nematodes, Enumerate intestinal nematodes. Add a note on life cycle,
pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of Hookworm. (1+2+5)8 marks7Enumerate viruses causing gastroenteritis. Add a note on Morphology, Pathogenesis ,Lab
diagnosis and prevention of rotavirus infection (2+6)8 marks
Short answers5
8Structure of Gram negative cell wall with diagram.4 marks9Principle of presumptive coliform testing and its interpretation.4 marks10Draw the structure of HIV and label. Add a note on its transmission (2.5+1.5)4 marks11Add a note on lab diagnosis of Pernicious Malaria.4 marks12Candida albicans.4 marks
Objective type questions10
13Name two sporicidal disinfectants.1 marks14Name two methods to test antibiotic susceptibility.1 marks15Name two immunosuppressive agents.1 marks16Name two viral disease transmitted by ticks.1 marks17Name two hepatitis viruses that are transmitted by Faeco-oral route.1 marks18Name two oncogenic viruses.1 marks19Name two protozoa that commonly cause opportunistic infection in AIDS.1 marks20Name two non-bile stained eggs.1 marks21Name two parasitic disease where man acts as intermediate host.1 marks22Name two dimorphic fungi.1 marks
2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1Describe the mechanism of cell mediated immune response. Add a note on its
applications, detection methods, and name the immunodeficiency diseases associated
with defect in cell mediated immunity. (7+2+3+3)15 marks210-year-old girl presented with migrating joint pain, painless small nodules on the feet,
and fever for the past 4 days. O/E murmur was observed on auscultation. ECG showed
prolonged PR interval. ESR and CRP were raised. Parents gave a history of repeated
sore throat infections earlier.
(12 marks
Short essays5
3Ethylene oxide and plasma sterilization (4+4)8 marks4Describe the major Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) types. Add a note on standard
precautions (4+4)8 marks5Define food poisoning, Enumerate the organism causing food poisoning. Describe the
lab diagnosis (1+3+4)8 marks6Difference between bacterial and amoebic dysentery. Add a note on morphology and lab
diagnosis of E.histolytica (3+2+3)8 marks7What are the differences between Hepatitis A virus and Hepatitis B virus. Describe
various markers of HBV in detail and their applications (3+5)8 marks
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Name 4 parasitic infections affecting the blood1 marks14Name two rapid tests used for diagnosis of malaria.1 marks15Name any two viruses causing diarrhoeal disease1 marks16Name any two discoveries of Robert Koch1 marks17Biological control for autoclave1 marks18Name any two fungi causing Mycetoma foot.1 marks19Name any two parasites causing anaemia1 marks20Name any two superantigens.1 marks21Name two selective media1 marks22Name two vaccines used that prevent cancers.1 marks
2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Louis Pasteur2 marks5Bacillus cereus2 marks6Bacterial capsule2 marks7Tetanus toxoid vaccine2 marks8List two bactericidal and two bacteriostatic anti tubercular drugs2 marks9Loffler’s serum slope2 marks10Serum sickness2 marks11Transduction2 marks12Name four sporicidal disinfectants2 marks13Name four causative agents of neonatal meningitis.2 marks
2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Enriched media2 marks5Name different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing2 marks6Hapten2 marks7Transformation2 marks8Natural passive immunity2 marks9Non – Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)2 marks10Cutaneous anthrax2 marks11Classify non – tuberculous mycobacteria giving examples2 marks12Widal test2 marks13Lyme disease2 marks
2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4CD4 lymphocyte.2 marks5Type 3 hypersensitivity.2 marks6Properties and functions of IgM.2 marks7Give two examples of enriched media.2 marks8Pasteurisation.2 marks9Name any two antigen-antibody reactions.2 marks10Give three examples of live attenuated vaccines.2 marks11Koch’s postulates.2 marks12Stages of bacterial growth curve.2 marks13Incubation period.2 marks
2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Selective media with two examples.2 marks5Name two acute inflammatory markers.2 marks6MRSA.2 marks7Name four autoimmune diseases.2 marks8Name four killed vaccines.2 marks9Adjuvant.2 marks10Enumerate the four classes of immunoglobulins.2 marks11Significance of MHC in transplantation.2 marks12Give two examples of mediators of type I hypersensitivity.2 marks13Define plasmid. Give two clinical significance of plasmid.2 marks
2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 30-year-old previously healthy woman presented to Medicine OPD with malaise, low-
grade fever, nausea, vomiting, aversion to food, mild itching since one month. Serum
showed elevated levels of AST and ALT and presence of antiHBcIgM.
(6 marks2A 20-year-old woman came to the Medicine OPD with history of fever, fatigue and
abdominal discomfort since 4 days. It did not resolve with antipyretics. Samples were
collected for the common probable causes of this condition and was confirmed as
typhoid fever.
(15 marks
Short essays5
3Quantitative buffy coat examination– principle, applications, advantages and
Disadvantages. (3+1+2+2)8 marks4Describe the indications and different methods of blood culture. Discuss sample
collection for blood culture. (3+2+3)8 marks5Antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods – types with respective principle,
interpretation, purpose of selective reporting. (4+3+1)8 marks6Discuss mechanisms of innate immunity.8 marks7List antigen presenting cells and discuss their role in immune response.8 marks
Short answers5
8List four parasitic infections especially seen in immunocompromised patients.4 marks9Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.4 marks10Importance of biofilms in management of infections.4 marks11List the various roles of Cell mediated immunity with specific examples.4 marks12Healthcare associated infections – definition, major types, four micro-organisms
transmitted through contact. (1+1+2)4 marks
Objective type questions10
13What is the mode of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis.1 marks14Which is the microbe causing lymphatic filariasis.1 marks15What is the stage in the life cycle of trypanosomes infective to Man.1 marks16What are dimorphic fungi.1 marks17Clinical importance of plasmids in bacteria with two examples.1 marks18List FOUR clinical clues associated with anaerobic infections.1 marks19What is the role of memory cells in immune response.1 marks20What is mucosal immunity.1 marks21Name the disinfectant (with %) to be used for a large spill.1 marks22Name two narrow spectrum antibiotics.1 marks
2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 25-year-old migrant labourer was brought to outpatient department with high grade
fever, severe myalgia and retro orbital pain. On examination, he had maculopapular
rashes over his body. Blood examination showed thrombocytopenia and NS1 antigen
positive8 marks2Four workers from a construction site were admitted in a primary health centre with
watery diarrhoea, fatigue and muscle cramps. On examination, they were dehydrated
with tachycardia. The stool samples were collected for examination and appeared like
rice water. The bacteria isolated in stool culture was comma shaped and motile.15 marks
Short essays5
3Write the functions of HICC (Hospital Infection Control Committee). Add a note on
antimicrobial stewardship (5+3)8 marks4Enumerate the classes of immunoglobulins. Write briefly on structure and properties of
IgM8 marks5Write briefly on the pathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of
Ascariasis. (3+2+3)8 marks6Enumerate various methods of moist heat sterilisation. Add a note on laboratory
Autoclave.8 marks7Classify immunity. Add a note on passive immunity.8 marks
Short answers5
8Write the serological markers of Hepatitis B virus infection and their significance.4 marks9Laboratory diagnosis of Giardiasis.4 marks10Segregation of biomedical waste.4 marks11Enumerate four fungi causing systemic mycosis. Add a note on laboratory diagnosis of
Histoplasmosis.4 marks12Name four mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria.4 marks
Objective type questions10
13Name two selective media.1 marks14Name four contributions of Louis Pasteur1 marks15Name the antibody giving local mucosal immunity.1 marks16Name two antigen presenting cells.1 marks17Name two antibiotics inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis1 marks18Name two sporicidal disinfectants.1 marks19A blood sample received from pediatric ward for culture was found missing in the
laboratory. What measures will you adopt to handle such a situation.1 marks20Name two bacteria with capsule.1 marks21Name the etiologic agent of Hydatid disease and mention the definitive and intermediate
host1 marks22Name two complications of Enteric fever1 marks
2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
34 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Essays2
Short Essays6
4Central Sterile Supplies Department (CSSD) – draw a schematic diagram of layout and workflow6 marks5Discuss various mechanisms of autoimmunity.6 marks6State six differences between active and passive immunity.6 marks7Classify types of vaccines with one example each. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of different
types of vaccines. (2+4)6 marks8What is an antibiogram. How is it useful in a hospital. (2+4)6 marks9What is virulence. List the different mechanisms of virulence in bacteria. Explain one of them in detail.
(1+ 3+2)6 marks
Short Answers6
10List 4 disinfectants with respective application in the hospital.4 marks11How will you advise a health care worker to avoid needle stick injury while collecting blood from patients.4 marks12List one viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic opportunistic infection seen in AIDS patients.4 marks13List four modes of transmission of infection, with one example each.4 marks14Enumerate the agents causing enteric fever. Name the serological test indicated for the above condition.
In which week of illness should the test be done. What is the gold standard method for diagnosis and in
which week of illness is it highly sensitive. (1+1+1+0.5 +0.5)4 marks15Define Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO). List six causes of FUO commonly seen in India. (1+3)4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions20
iThe probable clinical diagnosis is1 marksiiThe etiological agent in the above diagnosis is1 marksiiiThe serological test used for this condition is1 marksivRecurrence of such episodes as in this case can be prevented by prophylaxis with1 marksixDiethylcarbamazine provocation test is NOT done for1 marksvIn the above question, antibiotic treatment should be continued for1 marksviA marker of sepsis is1 marksviiWestern blot test for HIV1 marksviiiA fact NOT pathognomonic of visceral Leishmaniasis is1 marksxCutaneous wound infections NOT caused by1 marksxiWhich of the following can be used to cultivate viruses1 marksxiiFungal filament in skin scrapings can be visualized after digestion using1 marksxiiiGram negative bacteria are inherently resistant to1 marksxivAn example of extrachromosomal element is1 marksxixA: Window period in HIV infection is from entry of virus to appearance of symptoms.
R: Guidelines for HIV testing in India have been laid down by National AIDS Control Organisation.1 marksxvTissue transplantation between identical twins is an example of1 marksxviA: T lymphocytes confer innate immunity.
R: Dendritic cells act as antigen presenting cells.1 marksxviiA: Tumor marker used for the diagnosis of Hepatocellular carcinoma in adult is alpha fetoprotein.
R: Alpha fetoprotein is a protein expressed on normal cells in fetal life but not in adult life normally;
exponentially high levels in tumor cells.1 marksxviiiA: B lymphocytes have immunological memory.
R: Helper T lymphocytes help B lymphocytes make antibodies1 marksxxA: Culture negative endocarditis is seen in infection caused by Coxiella burnetti.
R: All culture negative endocarditis are due to prior antibiotic exposure.1 marks
2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 22-year-old male came to the Medicine OPD with complaints of increased frequency
of loose stools with blood and mucus since 2 days.
(9 marks2What is Spaulding’s classification. Classify instruments based on that and give
examples of disinfectants used for each. Describe in detail any one gaseous high level
disinfectant (2+9+4)15 marks
Short essays5
3Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of a patient suspected of having HIV infection.8 marks4Biomedical waste management8 marks5List molecular methods used in laboratory diagnosis of infections. Briefly mention
principle of each method. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method.
(1+3+2+2)8 marks6Discuss applications of monoclonal antibodies.8 marks7Role of complement in immune response8 marks
Short answers5
8What are the laboratory tests available to detect Hepatitis C in a suspected patient4 marks9Laboratory tests for detecting infections by dimorphic fungi4 marks10Discuss the beneficial effects of normal flora.4 marks11Secondary immune response4 marks12List sources of healthcare-associated infections and respective preventive measures4 marks
Objective type questions10
13Which is the high-risk group for acquiring fulminant hepatitis with Hepatitis E virus.1 marks14Name TWO viruses that can cause Hepatocellular carcinoma.1 marks15Name TWO hemorrhagic fever causing viruses prevalent in Kerala.1 marks16Name one rapid laboratory test to diagnose Candida albicans.1 marks17Name TWO viral vaccines that can prevent carcinoma.1 marks18Name two bacterial commensals found in the gastrointestinal tract.1 marks19Define acute phase reactants. Give one example.1 marks20Give an example of artificial passive immunity.1 marks21What does “N95” refer to in a respirator.1 marks22Name two airborne infections.1 marks
2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Antigen presenting cells.2 marks5Disc diffusion method of antibiotic susceptibility testing2 marks6Transport media with TWO examples2 marks7Enumerate FOUR sporicidal disinfectants2 marks8Name TWO bacteria causing gas gangrene2 marks9Nongonococcal urethritis2 marks10Name TWO cell wall acting antibiotics2 marks11IgG (Immunoglobulin G)2 marks12Write TWO mechanisms of autoimmunity2 marks13Malignant pustule2 marks
2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Enumerate FOUR bacteria causing urinary tract infection2 marks5Selective media with TWO examples.2 marks6HLA antigens2 marks7Weil’s disease2 marks8Pathogenesis of cholera2 marks9Anaerobic culture methods2 marks10Monoclonal antibodies and its TWO applications2 marks11Epsilometer test2 marks12Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)2 marks13Inspissation2 marks
2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
21 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 20-year-old female with history of multiple blood transfusions presents to outpatient
department with fever, malaise, nausea vomiting and yellowish discoloration of urine.
The blood examination showed elevated bilirubin and liver enzymes and positive for
HBs Ag10 marks2A 12-year-old child complained of high fever (1010C), malaise and abdominal pain since
7 days. A blood culture and the Rapid Typhi-dot test was found positive.6 marks
Short essays4
3Enumerate the methods of moist heat sterilization. Write briefly on the principle,
application and sterilization control of laboratory autoclave. (3+1+2
+2)4. Write the pathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Hydatid disease10 marks5Enumerate the various classes of immunoglobulins. Write briefly on the structure and
properties of IgG (2+2+4)10 marks6Outline steps in biomedical waste management.10 marks7Define Health Care Associated Infection. Mention the various types of HAI and their
preventive measures. (2+2+4)
(PTO)10 marks
Short answers5
8Write the applications of ELISA test4 marks9List FOUR gaseous sterilants and write two uses of any one of them4 marks10Enumerate FOUR fungi causing systemic mycosis. Write briefly the laboratory diagnosis
of any one of them.4 marks11Larva migrans4 marks12Write FOUR mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria with examples.4 marks
Objective type questions10
13Name TWO tests used for diagnosis of HIV infection in window period.1 marks14A sample was received in laboratory for blood culture from medical ward and it was
found to be wrongly labelled. What measures will you adopt in such a situation.1 marks15Draw and label fertilized ova of Ascaris Lumbricoides.1 marks16Name TWO transport media.1 marks17Name TWO mechanisms of auto-immunity.1 marks18Name TWO antiseptics.1 marks19Name the infective form of Entamoeba histolytica.1 marks20What is an adjuvant. Give one example.1 marks21Name TWO complications of malignant malaria.1 marks22Name TWO halophilic vibrios.1 marks
2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Bacterial spore2 marks5Define enriched media with two example2 marks6Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)2 marks7Malignant pustule2 marks8Name any TWO live vaccines2 marks9Plasmids2 marks10Name any TWO sporicidal disinfectants2 marks11Name TWO modes of transmission of infection with examples for each2 marks12Mention contributions of Robert Koch2 marks13Sterilization controls used in autoclave2 marks
2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4List role of complement in health and disease2 marks5Define Selective media with two examples2 marks6Clinical significance of IgM2 marks7Halophilic Vibrios2 marks8Define Pandemic and give two examples2 marks9Name FOUR antigen- antibody reactions2 marks10Name two horizontal gene transfer method in bacteria2 marks11CD4+ T lymphocytes2 marks12Koch’s postulates2 marks13Bacterial flagella2 marks
2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)
34 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Short Answers8
2A 25 year old pregnant lady attended the out patient department with complaints of fever and pain on
micturition . Urine microscopy revealed plenty of pus cells and bacteria.7 marks310 marks10List the two common viral infections transmitted via needlestick injuries. Explain how these injuries can be
prevented (1+3)3 marks11Mycotoxins of medical importance3 marks12Trichomanas vaginalis3 marks13What is informed refusal. Describe the importance of appropriate documentation of refusal (2+2)3 marks14Human papilloma virus and the role of vaccines3 marks15Describe the life cycle of plasmodium falciparum3 marks
Short Essays6
4Type III hypersensitivity6 marks5List four hospital acquired infections. Describe care bundle prevention for any one of them (2+4)6 marks6Classify immunity. Describe acquired immunity with examples (2+4)6 marks7Enumerate four common etiological agents for viral hemorrhagic fever. Describe the laboratory diagnosis
for any one of them.6 marks8Name the causative agents of enteric fever. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis (2+4)6 marks9A gardner noticed a series of small red ulcerated nodules of 1 cm diameter on the right forearm. She
provides history of having repeated thorn pricks at on the arm. Microscopic examination of biopsy
revealed cigar shaped yeast forms.6 marks
Multiple Choice Questions20
iWhat is the most probable diagnosis1 marksiiWhich of the following is important for diagnosis1 marksiiiCriteria to be fulfilled for diagnosis of above condition1 marksivA fastidious bacteria of zoonotic origin associated with above condition1 marksixFungal infection of a nail (Onychomycosis) is caused by1 marksvCommonest agent causing above condition1 marksviRegarding the laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection1 marksviiRegarding chicken pox,1 marksviiiVisceral leishmaniasis1 marksxCharacteristics of innate immunity include1 marksxiPatient presents with a painless indurated ulcer on the external genitalia for three months, probable
causative agent1 marksxiiMechanism of resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicim in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is acquired to1 marksxiiiGas gangrene is commonly caused by1 marksxivDiagnosis of bacterial vaginosis has the following criteria1 marksxixA: Hook worm causes iron deficiency anemia
R: Anemia is due to chronic blood loss1 marksxvHand foot mouth disease is by1 marksxviA: Endoscopes are sterilized by autoclave
R: Endoscopes are heat Labine1 marksxviiA: Used syringe is discarded in red liner, infected plastic waste
R: Waste in red liners are insinerated1 marksxviiiA: In botulism, the patient presents with blurring of vision and difficulty to sallow
R: The botulinum toxin affects the Parasympathetic nerves1 marksxxA: Lymphogranuloma venerum is sexually transmitted infection
R: Lymphogranuloma venerum is transmitted by vectors1 marks
2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Laboratory confirmation of candida albicans.2 marks5Sporotrichosis.2 marks6Morphology of bacteriophage2 marks7Coxsackie viruses.2 marks8Cytopathic effect (CPE)2 marks9Prions2 marks10Gamma interferon.2 marks11Antigenic shift in influenza virus.2 marks12Chikungunya virus.2 marks13Negri bodies.2 marks
2013 April (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
2014 March (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Otomycosis.2 marks5Cyst of giardia.2 marks6Acanthamoeba.2 marks7Intermediate and definitive host for toxoplasma gondii.2 marks8Hydatid cyst2 marks9Egg of schistoma hematobium.2 marks10Eclipse phase in viral replication.2 marks11Significance of p24 antigen.2 marks12Enumerate enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses.2 marks13Cryptosporidium parvum2 marks
2015 February (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Pencilliosis2 marks5Hydatid cyst2 marks6Cell cultures for growing viruses2 marks7Eggs of nematodes2 marks8Germ tube test2 marks9Intestinal flagellates2 marks10Mycotic poisoning2 marks11Name four viruses causing diarrhea2 marks12Live attenuated vaccines2 marks13Name four parasites causing water borne diseases.2 marks
2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2016 February (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Serological markers of hepatitis B infection.2 marks5Prophylaxis of poliomyelitis.2 marks6Tissue culture2 marks7Cryptococcosis2 marks8Life cycle of plasmodium falciparum.2 marks9Piedra2 marks10Laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis.2 marks11Histoplasma capsulatum.2 marks12Viral haemorrhagic fever.2 marks13Cysticercus cellulosae.2 marks
2017 February (2010 Scheme)
12 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
2018 February (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Name two parasite which causes iron deficiency anemia2 marks5Name the causative agent, infective form and complications of neurocysticercosis2 marks6Cryptococcosis2 marks7Name the non-neural vaccines for preventing rabies and pre-exposure prophylaxis2 marks8Name four oncogenic viruses and malignancy caused.2 marks9Name the causative agent ant transmitting vector for kala azar2 marks10Draw the morphological structure of influenza virus2 marks11Sabouraud dextrose agar2 marks12Mention four fungi causing subcutaneous mycosis2 marks13Giardiasis2 marks
2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Laboratory diagnosis of aspergillosis2 marks5Laboratory diagnosis of candidiasis2 marks6Tissue cell line culture2 marks7Rabies vaccines and latest schedule for immunization2 marks8Hook worm2 marks9Mycotic mycetoma2 marks10Lab. diagnosis of hepatitis B infection2 marks11Toxoplasmosis2 marks12Extra intestinal amoebiasis2 marks13Avian influenza2 marks
2019 February (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Giardia lamblia.2 marks5Bancroftian filariasis.2 marks6Inclusion bodies.2 marks7Tinea capitis.2 marks8List two important differences between live and killed polio virus vaccines.2 marks9Give two examples of antiviral drugs.2 marks10Define definitive host with an example.2 marks11Measles vaccine.2 marks12Enumerate four dimorphic fungi2 marks13Cyclops.2 marks
2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Rhinosporidiosis2 marks5What is germ tube test2 marks6Mention two important complications of ascaris lumbricoides infestation2 marks7Draw a labelled diagram of hydatid cyst2 marks8Vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis with immunization schedule.2 marks9Negri bodies2 marks10Four opportunistic infections seen in AIDS patients and causative agents.2 marks11DEC provocation test2 marks12Chikungunya virus2 marks13Penicillosis2 marks
2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Define definitive host. Give two examples2 marks5Draw the diagram of enterobius vermicularis egg with labelling2 marks6What are dermatophytes and give examples2 marks7Define inclusion bodies and give two examples2 marks8Elusion2 marks9EBV associated malignancies2 marks10Otomycosis2 marks11Pulse polio programme2 marks12Name four intestinal nematodes2 marks13Name four anti-fungal agents2 marks
2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Causative agents of mycetoma2 marks5Germ tube test2 marks6Hepatitis B vaccine2 marks7Rhinosporidiosis2 marks8Name complications of falciparum malaria2 marks9Giardia lamblia2 marks10Laboratory diagnosis of kala azar2 marks11Define intermediate host. Give two examples2 marks12Visceral larva migrans2 marks13Draw neat labeled diagram of microfilaria bancrofti2 marks
2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Taenia capitis2 marks5Slide culture technique2 marks6MR vaccine2 marks7Primary cell culture2 marks8Complication of falciparum malaria2 marks9Difference between amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery2 marks10Inclusion bodies2 marks11Name two liver flukes2 marks12Cyclops2 marks13Antigenic variation in influenza virus2 marks
2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Germ tube test2 marks5Nipah virus2 marks6Penicillosis2 marks7What are dimorphic fungi. Name two dimorphic fungi.2 marks8Window period in HIV infection2 marks9Mention two DNA and two RNA oncogenic viruses2 marks10MMR vaccine2 marks11NIH swab2 marks12Casoni’s intradermal test2 marks13Larva currens2 marks
2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Lacto Phenol Cotton Blue mount (LPCB mount)2 marks5Cysticercus cellulosae in man.2 marks6Gamma interferon.2 marks7Draw and label Hook Worm Ova.2 marks8Cryptococcus neoformans2 marks9Opportunistic viral infections in AIDS patients.2 marks10Give two examples of antifungal drugs.2 marks11Define intermediate host with an example.2 marks12Rota virus vaccine.2 marks13Name four parasites causing anemia.2 marks
2022 February (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 5-year-old girl was brought in by her mother with the symptoms of fever, vomiting (7-8
episode15 marks2A 21-year-old female presented with recurrent episodes of seizures, headache and
vomiting and vertigo. MRI of the brain showed multiple ring enhancing lesions in the
brain parenchyma. The causative agent was thought to be a cestode.
(15 marks
Short essays5
3MRSA – mechanism of resistance, detection and treatment of cases and carriers,
prevention.8 marks4Discuss laboratory diagnosis of LRTI.8 marks5What is antigenic shift and drift in influenza virus. What are the implications.
What are the risk factors for complications following influenza infection8 marks6Explain the reasons that helped successful eradication of smallpox.8 marks7Cryptococcal meningitis – risk factors, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis8 marks
Short answers5
8List risk factors that can lead to disseminated herpes infection and the common
manifestations seen.4 marks9Tzanck smear.4 marks10Vaccine against Varicella zoster virus.4 marks11MMR vaccine.4 marks12A swab is collected from an abscess in the ward. The details of the patient on the
sample container do not match those on the request form. Discuss the correct decision
and the appropriate action to be taken.4 marks
Objective type questions10
13List TWO common viral causes of community acquired pneumonia.1 marks14What is the mechanism of action of the virulence factor in diphtheria.1 marks15Schedule and dosage of DPT vaccine.1 marks16List two common bacterial causes of healthcare acquired pneumonia.1 marks17What is the pathognomonic clinical feature of measles.1 marks18List modes of transmission of molluscum contagiosum.1 marks19Name two viruses which can cause latent infections.1 marks20Define mycetoma and give examples of two causative agents.1 marks21Name the reservoir of infection and method of transmission of Penicillium marneffei
infection.1 marks22Sample, from the respiratory tract, received for Ziehl Neelsen stain is found to be mainly
saliva. Discuss the correct decision and the appropriate action to be taken.1 marks
2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 5-year-old boy presented to paediatric OP with fever, sore throat, difficulty in
swallowing. He has no records of vaccination O/E cervical lymphadenopathy and white
patch seen on the tonsil.
(9 marks2A 40-year-old diabetic man came to medicine O.P with fever, shortness of breath. His
family members also give history of fever and sore throat. His oxygen saturation was low
and chest x-ray showed diffuse infiltration
(11 marks
Short essays5
3What are prions. Name human prion diseases. Discuss in detail any one of them.
(1+3+4)8 marks4Discuss the molecular methods available for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.8 marks5Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of polio.8 marks6Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis – etiology, mode of transmission, laboratory
diagnosis8 marks7Discuss laboratory diagnosis of dimorphic fungi.
(PTO)8 marks
Short answers5
8Name four bacteria causing gas gangrene.4 marks9Describe collection of specimens in a case of suspected leprosy.4 marks10Enumerate four infections produced by streptococcus pyogenes and the virulence
factors.4 marks11Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.4 marks12A CSF sample, collected in the ward by lumbar puncture, does not reach the laboratory
for processing for bacterial culture. Discuss the correct decision and the appropriate
action to be taken.4 marks
Objective type questions10
13List methods of transmission of human anthrax.1 marks14Which arm of immune response plays an important role in controlling nocardiosis.1 marks15Enumerate two bacteria causing neonatal meningitis.1 marks16List two most common bacterial causes of STDs.1 marks17List methods of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii.1 marks18Name two viral congenital infections.1 marks19Name four viruses causing hemorrhagic fever.1 marks20Name two fungi causing sub cutaneous mycosis1 marks21Name two clinical types of dermatophytoses.1 marks22If the urine sample, for bacterial culture, collected by the patient is submitted to the
laboratory the next day, is it acceptable. Discuss the correct decision and the
appropriate action to be taken.1 marks
2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Name four dimorphic fungi.2 marks5Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis2 marks6Name four complications of Falciparum malaria.2 marks7Lab diagnosis of toxoplasmosis2 marks8Draw and label Ancyclostoma ova2 marks9Lab diagnosis of filariasis caused by Brugia malayi2 marks10Neurocysticercosis2 marks11Name four markers of Hepatitis-B infection.2 marks12Pulse polio programme.2 marks13Name four Arbo viruses2 marks
2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Antigenic drift.2 marks5Bacteriophage2 marks6Lab diagnosis of dengue fever2 marks7Mycetoma2 marks8Cryptococcus neoformans2 marks9Lab diagnosis of malaria2 marks10Lab diagnosis of hydatid cyst2 marks11Microfilaria of Loa-Loa2 marks12Differences between bacillary and amoebic dysentery2 marks13M.M.R vaccine2 marks
2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 42-year-old female presented to the OPD with complaints of urinary frequency and
urgency and pain in the lower abdomen. One month back she was treated for the same
complaint. The Urine culture showed significant growth of lactose fermenting colonies
which were Gram negative bacilli.8 marks2A 45-year-old smoker comes to outpatient department with history of productive cough,
evening rise of temperature and loss of weight. Microscopic examination of the sample
revealed acid fast bacilli.5 marks
Short essays5
3Describe the aetiology, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Dermatophytosis.8 marks4Discuss the pathogenesis, antemortem lab diagnosis and post exposure prophylaxis of
Rabies.8 marks5Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis.8 marks6Classify Herpes viruses. Discuss the clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Epstein Barr virus
infection.8 marks7Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of Polio myelitis.
(PTO)8 marks
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Name two bacterial zoonotic diseases.1 marks14Name two fungi that cause subcutaneous mycosis.1 marks15Write the mode of transmission of Japanese encephalitis.1 marks16Satellitism.1 marks17Write two identifying features of Cryptococcus neoformans.1 marks18Name two causative agents of keratomycosis.1 marks19A CSF sample was received in microbiology lab for culture. The label in the specimen
container was not matching with the specimen referral form. How will you manage the
situation.1 marks20List four causes of nongonococcal urethritis.1 marks21Name one free living amoebae and the infection caused by it.1 marks22Name an antiviral drug used for the treatment of influenza.1 marks
2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 30-year-old female came to emergency department with productive cough, fever,
chest pain and shortness of breath for past 4 days. On examination, her temperature
was 1010F respiratory rate was 30/min, Chest examination revealed decreased breath
sounds on left lung. Chest X-ray showed homogenous ground glass opacity in left lower
lobe. Sputum upon gram staining showed gram positive cocci arranged in pairs with
plenty of pus cells.
(11 marks2A four-year-old child was brought to paediatric casualty with fever, altered behaviour and
difficulty to swallow liquids. Mother gives a history of dog bite two months back and not
taking vaccine as per schedule.
(8 marks
Short essays5
3Classification of Streptococci with examples. Write about the diseases caused by
Streptococcus pyogenes. Add a note on laboratory diagnosis. (2+3+3)8 marks4Describe the etiology, specimen collection and laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract
infection. (2+2+4)8 marks5Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and immunization of chicken pox.8 marks6Name four organisms causing congenital infections and describe in detail any one of
them. (4+4)8 marks7Describe the etiopathogenesis and lab diagnosis of kala- azar.
(PTO)8 marks
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Name the selective medium for Nessieria gonorrhea.1 marks14Which organism is identified by Nagler’s reaction.1 marks15Name two non –sporing, anaerobic gram negative bacilli.1 marks16Name two viruses which cause microcephaly.1 marks17Name two zoonotic diseases.1 marks18Which viral disease is acquired from camel.1 marks19Which parasite cause calcified cysts in muscles.1 marks20Which fungal disease is spread by pigeon droppings.1 marks21Name the organism which causes acute osteomyelitis.1 marks22Name two tissue nematodes.1 marks
2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Cyst of entamoeba histolytica2 marks5Cysticercus cellulosae2 marks6Molluscum contagiosum2 marks7Germ tube test2 marks8Two arboviral infections2 marks9The Term 'L-D Body' is expanded as Leishmania-Donovani Body (L-D Body)2 marks10Sporotrichosis2 marks11Japanese B encephalitis2 marks12Complications of falciparum malaria2 marks13Draw and label fertilized egg of ascaris2 marks
2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 45 year old smoker comes to medicine OPD with a history of low grade fever with an
evening rise of temperature, loss of weight and productive cough for the past two
months. Recently, he had hemoptysis. Microscopic examination of sputum sample
revealed acid fast bacilli.10 marks2A 5-year-old boy was brought to pediatric casualty with irritability, agitation, abnormal
behaviour, difficulty in swallowing liquids and fear of water. His mother informed that he
had been bitten by a stray dog two months back. No medical help had been sought at
that time.10 marks
Short essays5
3Laboratory diagnosis of syphilis8 marks4Describe the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of Varicella Zoster virus infection8 marks5Describe the etiology and pathogenesis of gas gangrene8 marks6Describe the etiology, clinical types and laboratory diagnosis of Dermatophytosis8 marks7Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis
(PTO)8 marks
Short answers5
8Laboratory diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis4 marks9Polio vaccines and current vaccination schedule for polio4 marks10Antigenic variations of influenza virus4 marks11Etiology, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Mycetoma4 marks12A CSF sample for culture was refrigerated and sent to microbiology laboratory. Write the
correct decision and the appropriate action to be taken4 marks
Objective type questions10
13Name any TWO skin and soft tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus1 marks14Name ONE antiviral drug used for treatment of influenza1 marks15Name TWO fungi causing Keratomycosis1 marks16Name TWO human prion diseases1 marks17Causative agent of pityriasis versicolor1 marks18Name TWO oncogenic viruses1 marks19Name TWO biologic agents used as bioweapons1 marks20Causative agent of lymphogranuloma venereum1 marks21Name TWO parasites causing cutaneous larva migrans1 marks22Name TWO parasites causing lung infection1 marks
2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 11-year-old girl, presented with history of agitation, delirium, abnormal behavior,
hallucinations, difficulty in swallowing liquids and fear of water. Her parents reported that
she was bitten by a stray dog on her right leg two months prior to presentation for which
she had received only oral antibiotics and injection tetanus toxoid.11 marks2A 40-year-old male presented to pulmonary medicine outpatient department with history
of productive cough of more than 3 weeks duration, evening rise of temperature and
loss of weight. Microscopic examination of sputum showed acid fast bacilli.10 marks
Short essays5
3Describe the etiological agents, clinical types and laboratory diagnosis of
dermatophytes.8 marks4Describe the laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of tetanus8 marks5Discuss the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria8 marks6Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of poliomyelitis8 marks7Free living amoebae
(PTO)8 marks
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Name TWO oncogenic DNA viruses1 marks14Name ONE parasite affecting lungs1 marks15Name TWO fungi causing otomycosis1 marks16Name TWO etiological agents of non-gonococcal urethritis1 marks17Name TWO etiological agents causing opportunistic mycoses1 marks18Name TWO zoonotic infections1 marks19Name TWO bacterial agents causing atypical pneumonia.1 marks20Name the causative agent and vector of plague1 marks21Name TWO bacteria causing neonatal meningitis1 marks22Name TWO viruses causing congenital infections1 marks
2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Cutaneous larva migrans2 marks5Define dimorphic fungi with two examples2 marks6Enumerate four agents causing zoonotic infection2 marks7Name two oncogenic viruses2 marks8Microfilaria2 marks9Complication of falciparum malaria2 marks10Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)2 marks11Draw and label fertilized egg of Ascaris lumbricoides2 marks12Polio vaccines2 marks13Name two viral hemorrhagic fever2 marks
2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short notes10
4Human papilloma virus2 marks5Cutaneous larva migrans2 marks6Window period in HIV infection2 marks7Carriers in Hepatitis B virus infection2 marks8Autoinfection2 marks9Mycotoxins2 marks10Name any TWO dimorphic fungi2 marks11Name TWO viruses causing diarrhoea2 marks12Hydatid cyst2 marks13Bacteriophage2 marks
2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
34 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Essays2
2A 70 year old man was brought to the emergency department with fever, cough, and dyspnoea. Physical
examination revealed a dull note on percussion. X-ray chest revealed a patch on the right lung area. The
gram stain of sputum sample revealed numerous pus cells and Gram positive lanceolate shaped
diplococci.10 marks3A 30 year old female was brought to the hospital with complaints of loss of weight and appetite of
3 months duration. On examination, she was jaundiced and hepatomegaly present. she gave a history of
blood transfusion in the past. Lab investigation showed she was HBsAg positive.10 marks
Short Essays6
4Hydatid disease.6 marks5Define pandemic. Name any four pandemics. Describe in detail strategies taken for their control. (1+2+3)6 marks6List FOUR clinically important anaerobes. List samples to be collected. Describe the sample collection
process. (2+2+2)6 marks7Primary Amoebic meningoencephalitis – discuss etiology, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis.(1+2+3)6 marks8Mode of transmission, clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis of Nipah virus infection (2+2+2)6 marks9Shigellosis.6 marks
Short Answers6
10Antibiotic associated diarrhea.4 marks11List, in tabular form, the CSF parameters, in normal CSF and in pyogenic, viral and tubercular meningitis.4 marks12How will you instruct a patient with suspected lower respiratory tract infection to collect a sputum sample.4 marks13How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted. Add a note on the laboratory diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma
infection.4 marks14Modes of transmission and laboratory diagnosis of Monkey pox (M Pox)4 marks15List FOUR oncogenic viruses.4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions20
iWhat is the likely clinical diagnosis1 marksiiAn antemortem diagnostic method is1 marksiiiVaccine to prevent rabies in humans is1 marksivRabies virus can be transmitted to humans by all of the following routes EXCEPT1 marksixThis is NOT a mode of transmission of Schistosoma hematobium1 marksvThe protein which acts as virulence factor is the1 marksviCholera1 marksviiBile-stained eggs are seen in infection with1 marksviiiHand foot and mouth disease is NOT caused by1 marksxA 28 year old male, following consumption of canned food, came with complaints of difficulty in
swallowing, blurred vision, which soon progressed to respiratory paralysis. This bacteria is NOT the
likely etiology.1 marksxiWhich of the following parasites causes keratitis.1 marksxiiMeningitis caused by the following agents can be prevented by vaccination EXCEPT1 marksxiiiSwimming pool granuloma is caused by Mycobacterium1 marksxivRiver blindness is caused by1 marksxixA: Hepatitis B virus is preventable by vaccination.
R: Hepatitis B can be transmitted parenterally.1 marksxvDiphtheria vaccine is a1 marksxviA: Whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis.
R: Whooping cough is mainly seen in adults.1 marksxviiA: Specific antivirals are available to treat Japanese Encephalitis.
R: Japanese Encephalitis is the most common cause of vaccine preventable encephalitis in Asia.1 marksxviiiA: Cryptococcus neoformans cannot be cultured.
R: Rapid diagnosis of Cryptococcal meningitis can be done on CSF sample by India Ink preparation.1 marksxxA: Plasmodium falciparum is the species of Plasmodium producing most serious complications.
R: Malaria is caused by bite of female Anopheles mosquito1 marks
2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)
25 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Essays2
2A 40-year-old previously healthy adult, presented to the medicine outpatient department with
malaise, fatigue, low grade fever, nausea and aversion to food. She complains of itching all over
the body. She provides history of multiple blood transfusions following a road traffic accident
eight months ago. The anti HBc IgM was positive. AST and ALT (Liver enzyme10 marks335-year-old male came to the surgery out-patient department with vague abdominal discomfort
and intermittent pain in the right upper quadrant for the past four months. On examination, there
is mild tenderness in the right upper quadrant and hepatomegaly. Ultrasound examination of the
abdomen revealed a large, well defined cystic lesion in the right lobe of the liver. The patient has
no significant history in the past. He has a fondness for stray dogs in his neighborhood.8 marks
Short Essays6
4A 25 year old presented to the emergency with breathlessness, cough and fever since five days.
The CT of the chest revealed bilateral ground glass opacities. A working diagnosis of viral
pneumonia was made and samples were sent for confirmation of the etiological agent.3 marks5Etiology and laboratory diagnosis of Cholera. (1+5)6 marks6A 35 year male presented with cough, fever since the past three weeks and weight loss. Blood
counts were normal with raised ESR. Chest x-ray showed right upper lobe consolidation.6 marks7List four parasites causing lesions in the brain. Describe the life cycle of any one of them. (2+4)6 marks8List four bacterial zoonotic infections. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of any one of them (2+4)6 marks9A biopsy was taken from a patient, clinically diagnosed with acid peptic disease, during
endoscopy.6 marks
Short Answers6
10Prevention of transmission of HIV from mother to child.4 marks11Rabies vaccines.4 marks12A CSF sample did not reach the laboratory. Discuss the impact on patient care and how this can
be prevented.4 marks13Name the most common yeast causing meningitis in a HIV positive patient. Name a special stain
used for its detection in CSF sample. Draw a neat labelled diagram of its appearance under the
microscope using the special stain. Name one rapid test to identify this yeast in the CSF sample.
(1+1+1+1)4 marks14Hepatitis C virus- modes of transmission and laboratory diagnosis. (2+2)4 marks15Nipah virus – modes of transmission and outbreak prevention. (1+3)4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions11
iWhat is the probable causative agent for meningitis in this patient1.8 marksiiAn important virulence factor in this bacterium is1.8 marksiiiThis bacterium escapes immune destruction due to1.8 marksivThe available vaccines are1.8 marksixOpportunistic fungal infections include1.8 marksvDrug of choice for treatment in this patient is1.8 marksviFeatures of paragonimus westermanni infection1.8 marksviiPathogens causing loose stools with blood and mucus are1.8 marksviiiAutoinfection is noted in1.8 marksxPseudomembranous colitis characteristics are1.8 marksxxA: Influenza viruses are responsible for pandemics over the years
R: Antigenic shift is common is these viruses1.8 marks
2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4DEC provocation test2 marks5Inclusion bodies2 marks6Name FOUR intestinal nematodes2 marks7Antigenic variations of influenza virus2 marks8Name four agents causing opportunistic fungal infection2 marks9Window period in HIV2 marks10Hydatid cyst2 marks11Mycotoxins2 marks12Hepatitis B vaccine2 marks13Dermatophytosis2 marks
2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
13 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Short essay2
Short notes10
4Name TWO pathogenic free living amoeba and the infection caused by each of them2 marks5Complications of Dengue fever2 marks6Pathogenesis of Rabies2 marks7Mucocutaneous candidiasis2 marks8Draw and label fertilized egg of Ascaris lumbricoides2 marks9Name TWO agents causing Mycetoma2 marks10Name TWO complications of varicella zoster virus infection2 marks11Hepatitis B surface antigen2 marks12Rapid diagnostic methods of Malaria2 marks13Prions2 marks
Pathology PYQs
Breast
Breast
Short Essays (2)
Multiple Choice Questions (2)
5Morphologic type of invasive carcinoma breast with excellent prognosis2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark6Which of the following vessel is commonly occluded in MI
a) Left anterior descending b) Left circumflex
c) Right anterior descending d) Right coronary artery
Long Essays. (2x10=20)
2. A 65 year old male complains of dyspepsia, nausea, weightloss and loss of appetite since 6 months.
Clinical examination reveals a mass palpable in the epigastric region. Endoscopy shows a proliferative
growth near the stomach near the lesser curvature
a) What is the probable diagnosis.
b) Describe the aetiopathogenesis of the lesion.
c) Classify and describe the morphology of the disease.
d) Enumerate the usual sites of metastasis of this lesion. (1+2+5+2)
3. Describe in detail the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, morphology and complications of
Atherosclerosis.
Short Essays. (6X6=6)
4. Risk factors and prognostic factors of carcinoma breast.
5. Types of Emphysema.
6. Germ cell tumors of testis.
7. Classification of intestinal polyps.
8. Hashimotos thyroiditis – Aetiopathogenesis and morphology.
9. Osteogenic sarcoma – Aetiopathogenesis and morphology.
Short Answers. (6x4=24)
10. Retinoblastoma.
11. Hydatidiform mole.
12. Pathology of Hodgkin lymphoma.
13. Write briefly on the barriers to implementation of health as a universal right.
14. Renal calculi – morphology and complications.
15. Basal cell carcinoma2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Essays (2)
1Explain the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, morphologic features and complications
of Rheumatic heart disease (5+4+4+2)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Discuss in detail the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction. Discuss the gross and
microscopic features of myocardial infarction. Add a note on the complications (4+3+3)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks
Short Essays (5)
3Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks4Types and pathogenesis of myocardial infarction2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks5Gross and microscopic features of myocardial infarction2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks6Describe the autopsy findings in lungs and heart in a 40-year-old male with longstanding
rheumatic heart disease with mitral stenosis2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks7Vegetation’s of the heart2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks
Short Answers (2)
Multiple Choice Questions (5)
10Duke’s criteria is often used in the diagnosis2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark11(A) Osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of autoimmune origin.
(R) It is an intrinsic disorder of cartilage in response to mechanical and biochemical stress and failure of
its repair2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark12What is the most sensitive and specific marker for a myocardial infarction (MI)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark13What is the key complication in the first 24 hours of an MI2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark14Hemorrhagic pericardial effusion is seen in2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (3)
15Name an extra cellular parasite that is found in the blood stream.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark16Two types of carcinoma lung2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark17What is Aschoff body. In which condition do you see.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Dermatopathology
Dermatopathology
Short Essays (1)
Short Answers (2)
Multiple Choice Questions (1)
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Short Essays (2)
Short Answers (5)
3Discuss the etiopathogenesis and morphology of multinodular goitre.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks4Morphological features of papillary carcinoma thyroid2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks5Write a short note on Hashimoto thyroiditis2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks6Morphology of Hashimoto thyroiditis2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks7Hashimoto’s thyroiditis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (2)
Other Questions (7)
10Name two neoplasms of the adrenal gland2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark11Medullary carcinoma is derived from ------- cells of the thyroid2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark12What is MEN 1 syndrome.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark13MEN 1 syndrome components2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark14What is Barr body.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark15Orphan Annie nucleus is a feature of ______________________2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark16Two antibodies seen in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Female Genital Tract
Female Genital Tract
Essays (2)
1A 42-year-old woman, who did not have a medical checkup for many years, noted the
onset of post coital bleeding. On examination, she was found to have an ulcerated
growth on the anterior lip of cervix.
(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2What are gestational trophoblastic diseases. Design a labelled diagram to depict the
origin of these lesions. Discuss the clinical features, morphology, and complications of
these conditions. (2+5+8)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks
Short Essays (3)
3Benign gestational trophoblastic diseases2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks4Trophoblastic tumors2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks5Pathogenesis and screening methods of carcinoma cervix2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (4)
6Cervical intra epithelial neoplasia2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks7Dysgerminoma ovary2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks8Germ cell tumours of Ovary2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks9Discuss the gross and microscopic appearance (with a diagram) of hydatidiform mole.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks
Other Questions (3)
10Name the ovarian tumor that secretes estrogen2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark11Name the condition associated with mature thyroid tissue in a benign cystic teratoma of
the ovary2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark12Name the childhood tumor that occurs exclusively in the cerebellum2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Gastrointestinal System
Gastrointestinal System
Short Essays (3)
1Intestinal polyps: classification and syndromes2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks2Differences between Crohn disease and Ulcerative colitis2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks3Causes and morphology of acute and chronic gastric ulcers2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks
Short Answers (8)
4Aetiopathogenesis of carcinoma colon.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks5Polyps of intestine2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks6Define metaplasia and give examples2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks7Dysplasia2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks8List four salivary gland neoplasms2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks9Pleomorphic adenoma2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks10Differentiate between ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks11Compare and contrast four important microscopic features of Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative
Colitis2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (5)
12Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is associated with2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark13(A) Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia are mucosal plaques that may undergo malignant transformation.
(R) The risk of malignant transformation is greater in leukoplakia than in erythroplakia.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark14Krukenberg tumour of the ovary is an example of2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark15(A) Intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinoma present as polypoid bulky tumour
(R) E-cadherin expression is lost in intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinoma2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark16Risk factors of colorectal adenocarcinoma includes2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (9)
17Name the common molecular abnormality in carcinoma colon2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark18What is Peutz Jegher’s polyp.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark19What is Barrett esophagus.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark20Name the carcinoma that arises in the background of Barret esophagus2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark21Name two bullous lesions in the skin.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark22What is Linitis Plastica2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark23What is meant by Krukenberg tumor.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark24Skip lesions and deep fissured in colon are a feature of ----------2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark25Gastrin secreting tumors of stomach cause ------------------ syndrome2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
General Pathology
General Pathology
Essays (15)
1(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Write the Cellular events of acute inflammation2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks3A 60-year-old male develops fatiguability, weakness, weight loss and a dragging
sensation in the abdomen. Blood examination reveals a total count exceeding 100,000
cells /cu mm. O/E massive splenomegaly.
(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks4A 30-year-old female presented with history of easy fatiguability, weight loss, recurrent
fever and gum bleeding. Clinical examination revealed severe pallor with
hepatosplenomegaly. Blood routine examination showed Hb 8gm%, total count-
75000/mm3, platelet count 40000/mm32024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks5A 38-year-old pregnant woman with history of multiple, closely spaced pregnancies,
develops fatigue, pallor, koilonychia, alopecia, and atrophic changes of the tongue of
one-month duration
(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks6A 45-year-old lady with menorrhagia for 5-6 months presented with fatigue and loss of
appetite. Lab investigations showed Hb - 9gm% and peripheral smear showed small
RBCs with enhanced central pallor2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks7(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks8A 50-year-old nulliparous female presents with a hard lesion of the right breast that she
had noticed 2 weeks ago. Clinical examination reveals puckering of the overlying skin
and retraction of the nipple along with a 3 cm hard mass in the upper outer quadrant of
the right breast. 3 hard masses are palpable in the right axilla. On questioning the
patient reveals a weight loss of 7kg in the last 2 months. Mammogram reveals a 3.4 cm
mass with irregular spiculated margins and increased density compared to the
surrounding breast tissue.
(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks9Discuss the etiopathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. What are the possible complications
that may arise due to the presence of these plaques in different arteries. Draw a labelled
diagram depicting the histological appearance of the same. (6+5+4)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks10Define shock. Classify shock. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of septic shock.
Discuss the different stages of shock. (1+4+5+5)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks11A 72year old gentleman with long standing Diabetes mellitus presented with frequent
urination and dysuria since a week, followed by fever of 101.8o F. On examination, his
face appeared flushed, heart rate was 102/min and BP was 88/60mm Hg. CBC
showed neutrophilicleukocytosis. He was started on antibiotics, but his urine output
decreased to 50ml/24h by 2nd day.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks12A seven-year-old boy presented to the hospital with breathlessness and severe pallor.
On examination he had stunted growth, frontal bossing, mild icterus and moderate
splenomegaly. History of repeated blood transfusions was present. Investigations
revealed Hb- 3gm%, TLC – 5600/cu.mm, platelets – 3.0 lakhs/cu.mm. Peripheral smear
showed microcytic hypochromic blood picture with marked anisopoikilocytosis, many
target cells and reticulocyte count of 5%.
(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks13A 60-year-old man presents to the medical OPD with complaints of easy fatiguability,
bone pain and decreased urination. On examination, he has pallor. Systemic
examination is normal. Hemogram shows Hb- 8gm%, TLC of 6500/mm3 and platelet
count of 1,60,000/mm3. The differential leucocyte count is normal. Peripheral smear
shows increase in Rouleaux formation. ESR is 110mm/first hour. Serum Creatinine of2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks148gm%. A bone marrow examination was ordered the next day.
What is the most likely possibility in such a situation
What are the findings expected in a bone marrow examination
What are the laboratory investigations you will do to arrive at a diagnosis and
what are the expected results
What are the complications of this disease (2+3+6+4)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks15A 6 year old school going boy was brought by his father to the Paediatric OPD with complaints of
swelling in the face and leg for the past one week with passing of reduced amount of high
coloured urine since 3 days. The father also gave a past history of the boy having scabies,
detected and treated in his school health programme. On examination the boy is under
nourished, periorbital edema present, pedal edema present. His Blood pressure was 130/100
mm of Hg.Pulse rate was 94/mt regular.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks
Short Essays (35)
16Obstructive uropathy2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks17Chemotaxis2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks18Staining characteristics of amyloid2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks19Complications of blood transfusion2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks20Role of complement system in inflammation2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks21Discuss the etiopathogenesis of carcinoma colon with a note on the adenoma-
carcinoma sequence2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks22Define granulomatous inflammation. Describe the pathogenesis and morphological
features of any one type of granuloma2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks23Discuss the types of ulcers in intestine (large and small intestine).2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks24Microbial carcinogenesis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks25Pyelonephritis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks26Oncogenic DNA viruses2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks27What are the types of Leukemoid reaction. Discuss the causes.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks28Pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of Disseminated intravascular coagulation.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks29Pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks30Classify Hodgkin Lymphoma. Describe the morphological features and
immunohistochemical profile of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks31Hodgkin’s lymphoma2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks32Hodgkin’s lymphoma2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks33Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks34Immune thrombocytopaenic purpura2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks35Metastatic cascade2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks36Define Metastasis, Enumerate the routes of metastasis and explain the mechanisms2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks37Klienfilter syndrome2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks38Differences between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks39Laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks40Chemical carcinogenesis2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks41Risk factors and classification of endometrial carcinoma2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks42Discuss the different causes of cell injury with examples.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks43Pathogenesis of septic shock2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks44Lab diagnosis and Pathogenesis of β thalassemia major.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks45Pictorially describe the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of coagulation.
Mention the tests used in their assessment with their normal ranges.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks46Clinicopathological classification of tuberculosis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks47Primary tuberculosis – morphology and pathogenesis2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks48Biologic mechanism of Type II hypersensitivity reaction. Give examples of four diseases
with type II hypersensitivity as the mechanism of pathologic injury2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks49Factors affecting wound healing2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks50Hodgkin’s lymphoma2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (28)
51Laboratory diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks52Differential diagnosis of pancytopenia.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks53Peripheral blood picture in acute myeloid leukemia2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks54Define amyloid. Name the stains used for demonstration of amyloid.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks55Properties of amyloid.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks56Morphological changes in apoptosis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks57Exfoliative cytology2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks58Enlist four common situations in which the Confidentiality principle of Bioethics could be
breached2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks59Factors affecting Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks60ESR2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks61Various adverse reactions of blood transfusion.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks62Types of hypersensitivity reaction2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks63Morphologic features in Trisomy 212024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks64Types of embolism2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks65Diagnostic IHC makers of any four tumors2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks66Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks67Differences between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks68Discuss chemical carcinogenesis with examples2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks69Role of P53 in gene in tumor suppression2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks70Types of necrosis2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks71Aetiopathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma and its morphology2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks72Left sided heart failure2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks73Leucoerythroblastic blood picture – definition and causes2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks74Discuss the morphological appearance of Primary pulmonary tuberculosis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks75List FOUR tumor markers and their associated malignancies2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks76Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks77Type-I hyper sensitivity reaction.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks78Angiogenesis in tissue repair.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (56)
79One of the following cytokine is a powerful chemo attractant2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark80Features of Helicobacter pylori infection2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark81Glomerular alterations in diabetic nephropathy includes2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark82All of the following are prognostic parameters in the evaluation of Breast Carcinoma EXCEPT2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark83All are true statement about HER2 positive invasive carcinoma breast EXCEPT2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark84All are true about carcinoma endometrium EXCEPT2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark85(A) Prophylactic colectomy is to be done in all patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
(FAP)
(R) Minimum 100 polyps are necessary for the diagnosis of FAP2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark86Which one of the following investigation is diagnostic2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark87Which one of the following is NOT included in the triple assessment of breast lumps2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark88(A): IL-4 and IL-13 causes activation of M2 macrophages
(R): M2 macrophages are not microbicidal2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark89Nitric Oxide is synthesized by2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark90(A) Intravesical administration of BCG (Bacillus Calmette Geurin) is a treatment for bladder carcinoma
(R) BCG elicits granulomatous inflammation and local anti tumour immune response.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark91T cell mediated disease includes2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark92Fibrin degradation products have
a) Potent anticoagulant effect b) Platelet aggregation effect
c) Prothrombotic effect d) Endothelial activation effect
Long Essays. (2x10=20)
2. A 50 year old person was admitted to the hospital with complaints of intermittent fever for the past two
weeks. He underwent a surgical procedure. The surgical wound has not healed. On examination Febrile,
Pulse rate – 102/mt, dyspnoea present, drowsy, urine output less than 100ml/ 24 hours. Blood sample
sent for culture and sensitivity. CBC – Hemoglobin 8g/dl, total WBC count -18000/cmm.
a) What is your provisional diagnosis
b) Describe briefly the etiopathogenesis of this condition
c) What are the various organ changes seen in this condition
d) Enlist the stages of this condition (2+3+3+2)
3. Define Leukaemia. Classify Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia as per WHO classification. Describe the
peripheral smear and bone marrow findings with illustrations in a case of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia.
(2+3+2+3)
Short Essays. (6X6=36)
4. Type II hypersensitivity reaction
5. Role of Chemical Carcinogens
6. Laboratory Diagnosis of Thalassemia
7. Granulomatous inflammation
8. Opportunistic Infections
9. Factors Influencing Wound Healing
Short Answers. (6x4=24)
10. Enlist two common indications and two absolute contraindications for bone marrow aspiration study
11. Enumerate four common laboratory tests done to confirm Multiple Myeloma
12. Enlist Four common types of Necrosis with suitable clinical examples
13. Name the four cardinal principles of Biomedical Ethics
14. Enlist four common anticoagulants used in a Hematology laboratory
15. Mention four common stains used to demonstrate Amyloid in the tissue2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark93Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is markedly reduced in:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark94The most common morphology of red blood cells seen in the peripheral smear of the above case is2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark95(A): Gandy Gamna Bodies are seen in chronic venous congestion of Spleen
(R): Chronic venous congestion of spleen causes right sided heart failure.
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark96Which of the following are antioxidants2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark97(A): Dengue hemorrhagic fever causes thrombocytopenia
(R): Increase in immune destruction of platelets2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark98Classical Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes are2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark99Multinucleate giant cells are seen in2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark100(A) Migratory thrombophlebitis occurs in 10% of pancreatic carcinomas
(R) Pancreatic carcinomas are associated with platelet aggregating factors, anticoagulants and necrotic
products.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark101Examples for hypertrophy includes2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark102The most common cause for male hypogonadism is2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark103Which of the following mediators suppress inflammation2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark104(A): More than 70% of human cancers have a defect in p53 gene
(R): p53 plays a central role in maintaining the integrity of the genome2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark105N-myc is a2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark106The action of putrefactive bacteria in necrosed tissue results in2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark107Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis are associated with2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark108Microscopy of this lesion will show all EXCEPT2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark109Presence of tumour cells in an Indian file pattern is typical of2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark110Translocation seen in Burkitt’s lymphoma is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark111Peripheral appetite suppressing signals includes2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark112(A): Type-1 hypersensitivity reaction causes laryngeal edema
(R): Histamine causes increased vascular permeability and pain2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark113Epstein Barr Virus is associated with the following cancers2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark114(A) Psammoma bodies are seen in cases of papillary carcinoma thyroid
(R) Dystrophic calcification of tumour necrosis produces Psammoma bodies2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark115(A): Metastatic Calcification is seen in Hyperparathyroidism
(R): Serum calcium levels are normal in dystrophic calcification.
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark116Erythrophagocytosis is a feature of:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark117Which of the following cellular changes is associated with irreversible injury2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark118Lipofuscin deposition is most likely due to2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark119What are the classic signs of a cardiac tamponade2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark120The drop in the amount of Hemoglobin is mostly due to2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark121What is your most probable clinical diagnosis2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark122(A): von Willebrand factor is synthesized by Hepatocytes
(R): von Willebrand factor is a carrier protein for factor VIII
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark123In Bernard-Soulier Syndrome there is defect of platelet2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark124Ghon focus is associated with2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark125Which of the following are causes of hypercalcemia2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark126Identification of plasmodium falciparum in the peripheral smear include2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark127The typical karyotype of Turner syndrome is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark128Release of which of the following chemical mediators is most likely responsible for this finding2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark129Which of the following immunoglobulins play a major role in this reaction2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark130The hypersensitivity reaction associated with this condition is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark131Which of the following cytokine is NOT secreted by TH2 cells2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark132Prolonged Bleeding time is seen in2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark133(A) Hepatocytes show PASD positive cytoplasmic globular inclusions in Alpha -1 -Antitrypsin deficiency.
(R) Alpha-1-Antitrypsin deficiency is caused by mutations that lead to misfolding of Alpha -1-Antitrypsin2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark134(A): Hepatocytes are labile cells
(R): Hepatocytes can re enter the cell cycle and regenerate themselves
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct
(PTO)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark
Other Questions (72)
135Name a stain to demonstrate fungi in tissue.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark136What is the stain for H. pylori2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark137The cell adhesion molecule involved in transmigration is --------------------2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark138What is Ki 67.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark139Stain used to demonstrate myeloblasts in acute leukemia is __________________.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark140Name ONE cancer that commonly spreads by hemotagenous route2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark141Name the IHC marker done in oral/oropharyngeal cancer2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark142Amyloid deposits are seen in which thyroid neoplasm.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark143Two indications of bone marrow aspiration2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark144Name the type of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated cell suicide program.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark145Autoantibody in Sjogren’s disease is _______________________2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark146What is Direct Coomb’s test.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark147The fixative used for surgical biopsy specimen is ______________________2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark148The fixative used for cervical cytology smear is ______________________2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark149Name two anticoagulant and their use2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark150The anticoagulant of choice for packed cell volume estimation is …………..2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark151Methods of PCV estimation2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark152RBC indices2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark153Name the blood group with phenotype lacking H antigen on the red cell membrane and
anti-H in the plasma2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark154Name the blood group that lacks A, B and H antigens.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark155Name any ONE hemoparasite2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark156The type of collagen in basement membrane is ---------------------2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark157Name two parasites seen in peripheral smear2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark158What is the cytogenetic abnormality seen in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark159Two diagnostic methods in molecular genetics2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark160Write the chromosomal abnormality in Chronic myeloid leukemia2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark161Two causes for thrombocytopenia2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark162Name ONE special stain for fat2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark163The genetic defect in Gaucher disease is _______________________2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark164Name an intracellular parasite found in the blood2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark165What is hemophilia A due to.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark166Name an x linked recessive disorder.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark167What is the most common RBC defect in Hereditary Spherocytosis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark168Confirmatory test for hereditary spherocytosis2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark169Heart failure cells are seen in ----------------2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark170What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark171Name two common causes for thrombocytopenia.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark172Name the condition of Male hypogonadism that occurs when there are two or more X
chromosomes and one or more Y chromosomes.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark173Two causes for megaloblastic anemia.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark174Hypersegmented neutrophils are seen in --------------- anemia2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark175What is the genetic basis of Retinoblastoma2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark176Cyclin D1 amplification is a feature of which lymphoma.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark177Name a diagnostic test in urine in multiple myeloma.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark178Name the condition associated with Bence-Jones proteinuria2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark179Name the inclusions seen in giant cells in sarcoidosis2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark180Name the type of necrosis seen in infarcts.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark181Type of necrosis seen in myocardial infarction is ______________.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark182What is sequestrum2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark183What is the appearance of hepatocytes in hepatitis B infection2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark184----------- necrosis is seen in Tuberculosis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark185What is the cytogenetic abnormality seen in Burkitt Lymphoma.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark186Starry sky appearance in Burkitt Lymphoma is due _______________2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark187Name one EBV- associated malignancy2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark188Two tumors caused by H. Pylori2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark189Name one cause for increase in hydrostatic pressure leading to edema.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark190Name two oncogenic viruses and the malignancy they cause2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark191Name two opportunistic viral infection seen in AIDS.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark192Name the type of calcification that occurs in areas of necrosis2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark193When there is a local or systemic excess of iron, ferritin forms --------------------------2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark194Ferruginous bodies are seen in ______________________2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark195Deficiency of dietary niacin leads to -------------2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark196Name the coal induced pulmonary lesion seen in coal miners and urban dwellers2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark197Name the lung disease associated with cotton dust2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark198What is LE cell2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark199What is meant by Ghon focus.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark200Type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by ------------------- antibody2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark201Name two bullous disease of the skin2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark202Low and fixed specific gravity of urine is seen in __________________2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark203Two types of gallbladder stones2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark204Normal specific gravity of urine2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark205Name the most common complication of wound healing.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark206Name the type of cells that replicate continuously2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract
Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract
Essays (3)
1(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2A 10-year-old female presented with sudden onset of hematuria and oliguria. Urine
examination shows presence of RBC, casts and mild proteinuria.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks3A 7-year-old boy presents with puffiness of eyelids, decreased urine output of 6 days
duration. Clinical examination reveals generalized edema and mild hypertension. Urine
examination reveals numerous RBCs and mild proteinuria. He gives a history of a sore
throat 3 weeks ago. A renal biopsy is performed.
(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks
Short Essays (2)
4Define edema and describe the various pathogenetic mechanisms involved in different
clinical situations associated with edema.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks5List the components of Virchow’s triad. Describe how each of the components leads to
thrombosis with suitable examples2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks
Short Answers (3)
6Define nephrotic syndrome. Describe the gross and microscopic changes in kidney in
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks7Nephrotic range proteinuria – Definition and common causes2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks8Discuss the etiopathogenesis and urinary findings in poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (3)
9(A): Rotheras test detects proteins in urine
(R): Nephrotic syndrome causes massive proteinuria2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark10Risk factor associated with transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark11Syndromes associated with Wilms tumour are2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (8)
12Name the most common forms of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark13Name the mode of inheritance of Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark14Name two causes of flea bitten kidney2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark15Name the histological features in post infectious glomerulonephritis2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark16Name the antibody seen in Goodpasture syndrome2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark17Name the tumors associated with psammoma bodies2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark18--------------- mutation commonly seen in Renal cell carcinoma2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark19What is the genetic basis of Wilms tumor.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas
Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas
Essays (2)
1Define and classify cirrhosis of liver. Discuss pathogenesis, histopathology and
complications of alcoholic cirrhosis (5+4+3+3)2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Discuss Hepatitis B infection under the following headings:-
(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks
Short Essays (3)
3Apoptosis in pathologic conditions2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks4Changes in serum markers and liver histology in Hepatitis B infection2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks5Alcoholic liver disease2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (5)
6Etiology and types of gall stones2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks7Complications of gallstones2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks8Explain the macroscopic and microscopic changes seen in alcoholic cirrhosis with a
labeled diagram2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks9Microscopy of dysgerminoma of ovary2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks10Apoptosis2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (3)
11Clinical features of cystic fibrosis includes2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark12(A): Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) is a better screening method in blood banking
(R): Low antibody levels are detected by NAT
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark13(A) Hepatitis E virus is the most common cause for transfusion associated Hepatitis
(R) Hepatitis E infection in pregnancy carries higher mortality2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Other Questions (7)
14Name three types of gall stones2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark15Name the types of gall bladder calculi2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark16Name two causes of fatty liver.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark17Name a condition where “nutmeg liver pattern” is seen.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark18Name the tumor marker produced by hepatocellular carcinoma and yolk sac tumors.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark19Name the condition in which Gamna Gandy bodies are seen.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark20The antigen which appears before onset of symptoms in Hepatitis B is ----------2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 1 mark
Male Reproductive System and Prostate
Male Reproductive System and Prostate
Short Essays (1)
Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal System
Short Essays (3)
1Describe the genetic basis, radiological findings and morphology of Ewing Sarcoma2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks2A 45-year-old male presents with a swelling over the right knee joint of three months
duration. X-Ray reveals an expansile lytic lesion, predominantly in the epiphyseal region
of right lower femur without any cortical breach. What is the likely diagnosis and why
Describe the radiological, gross and microscopic findings in this condition. (3+5)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks3Osteosarcoma2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks
Short Answers (3)
Multiple Choice Questions (1)
Nervous System
Nervous System
Short Essays (1)
Short Answers (4)
2Describe the types and grading of astrocytoma2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks3Meningioma2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks4Differences in CSF in pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks5CSF findings in pyogenic meningitis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Short Essays (4)
1Define bronchiectasis. Add a note on its etiopathogenesis, morphological features and
complications.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks2Emphysema2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks3Lobar pneumonia2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks4Pathogenesis and morphology of Emphysema2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (1)
Multiple Choice Questions (2)
7(A) Charcot Leyden Crystals are seen in sputum of patients with Bronchial Asthma
(R) Remodeling of the bronchial wall occurs in cases of Bronchial Asthma2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark8Reid index is diagnostic of2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Paper I
34 Sessions
Paper II
34 Sessions
2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2013 April (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2014 March (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2015 February (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2016 February (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2017 February (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2018 February (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2019 February (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A seven-year-old boy presented to the hospital with breathlessness and severe pallor.
On examination he had stunted growth, frontal bossing, mild icterus and moderate
splenomegaly. History of repeated blood transfusions was present. Investigations
revealed Hb- 3gm%, TLC – 5600/cu.mm, platelets – 3.0 lakhs/cu.mm. Peripheral smear
showed microcytic hypochromic blood picture with marked anisopoikilocytosis, many
target cells and reticulocyte count of 5%.
(15 marks2Define shock. Classify shock. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of septic shock.
Discuss the different stages of shock. (1+4+5+5)15 marks
Short essays5
3Pictorially describe the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of coagulation.
Mention the tests used in their assessment with their normal ranges.8 marks4What are the types of Leukemoid reaction. Discuss the causes.8 marks5Discuss the different causes of cell injury with examples.8 marks6List the components of Virchow’s triad. Describe how each of the components leads to
thrombosis with suitable examples8 marks7Define granulomatous inflammation. Describe the pathogenesis and morphological
features of any one type of granuloma8 marks
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Type of necrosis seen in myocardial infarction is ______________.1 marks14Stain used to demonstrate myeloblasts in acute leukemia is __________________.1 marks15Autoantibody in Sjogren’s disease is _______________________1 marks16The fixative used for cervical cytology smear is ______________________1 marks17What is the cytogenetic abnormality seen in Burkitt Lymphoma.1 marks18What is LE cell1 marks19Name two oncogenic viruses and the malignancy they cause1 marks20What is Barr body.1 marks21Name two anticoagulant and their use1 marks22What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia1 marks
2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2022 February (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays3
1A 60-year-old man presents to the medical OPD with complaints of easy fatiguability,
bone pain and decreased urination. On examination, he has pallor. Systemic
examination is normal. Hemogram shows Hb- 8gm%, TLC of 6500/mm3 and platelet
count of 1,60,000/mm3. The differential leucocyte count is normal. Peripheral smear
shows increase in Rouleaux formation. ESR is 110mm/first hour. Serum Creatinine of10 marks2(15 marks38gm%. A bone marrow examination was ordered the next day.
What is the most likely possibility in such a situation
What are the findings expected in a bone marrow examination
What are the laboratory investigations you will do to arrive at a diagnosis and
what are the expected results
What are the complications of this disease (2+3+6+4)10 marks
Short essays4
4Apoptosis in pathologic conditions8 marks5Biologic mechanism of Type II hypersensitivity reaction. Give examples of four diseases
with type II hypersensitivity as the mechanism of pathologic injury8 marks6Laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia8 marks7Define edema and describe the various pathogenetic mechanisms involved in different
clinical situations associated with edema.8 marks
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Name the type of necrosis seen in infarcts.1 marks14Name a stain to demonstrate fungi in tissue.1 marks15What is Direct Coomb’s test.1 marks16The fixative used for surgical biopsy specimen is ______________________1 marks17What is the cytogenetic abnormality seen in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia1 marks18Low and fixed specific gravity of urine is seen in __________________1 marks19Name two opportunistic viral infection seen in AIDS.1 marks20The genetic defect in Gaucher disease is _______________________1 marks21Name two common causes for thrombocytopenia.1 marks22What is Barrett esophagus.1 marks
2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
Short essays5
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Name the type of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated cell suicide program.1 marks14Name the type of calcification that occurs in areas of necrosis1 marks15When there is a local or systemic excess of iron, ferritin forms --------------------------1 marks16The cell adhesion molecule involved in transmigration is --------------------1 marks17Name an x linked recessive disorder.1 marks18What is the most common RBC defect in Hereditary Spherocytosis.1 marks19What is hemophilia A due to.1 marks20The type of collagen in basement membrane is ---------------------1 marks21Name an intracellular parasite found in the blood1 marks22Name the blood group with phenotype lacking H antigen on the red cell membrane and
anti-H in the plasma1 marks
2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
Short essays5
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Name one cause for increase in hydrostatic pressure leading to edema.1 marks14Name a condition where “nutmeg liver pattern” is seen.1 marks15Name the condition of Male hypogonadism that occurs when there are two or more X
chromosomes and one or more Y chromosomes.1 marks16Name the tumor marker produced by hepatocellular carcinoma and yolk sac tumors.1 marks17Name an extra cellular parasite that is found in the blood stream.1 marks18The anticoagulant of choice for packed cell volume estimation is …………..1 marks19Name the blood group that lacks A, B and H antigens.1 marks20Name the most common complication of wound healing.1 marks21Two causes for megaloblastic anemia.1 marks22Name a diagnostic test in urine in multiple myeloma.1 marks
2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 30-year-old female presented with history of easy fatiguability, weight loss, recurrent
fever and gum bleeding. Clinical examination revealed severe pallor with
hepatosplenomegaly. Blood routine examination showed Hb 8gm%, total count-
75000/mm3, platelet count 40000/mm315 marks2Write the Cellular events of acute inflammation15 marks
Short essays5
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13RBC indices1 marks14Normal specific gravity of urine1 marks15Two indications of bone marrow aspiration1 marks16Name two parasites seen in peripheral smear1 marks17Methods of PCV estimation1 marks18Confirmatory test for hereditary spherocytosis1 marks19Two causes for thrombocytopenia1 marks20Name two opportunistic infections seen in HIV1 marks21Type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by ------------------- antibody1 marks22Two diagnostic methods in molecular genetics1 marks
2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
20 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Multiple Choice Questions20
iN-myc is a1 marksiiTranslocation seen in Burkitt’s lymphoma is1 marksiiiThe typical karyotype of Turner syndrome is1 marksivLipofuscin deposition is most likely due to1 marksixClassical Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes are1 marksvThe action of putrefactive bacteria in necrosed tissue results in1 marksviWhich of the following are antioxidants1 marksviiExamples for hypertrophy includes1 marksviiiT cell mediated disease includes1 marksxClinical features of cystic fibrosis includes1 marksxi(A): More than 70% of human cancers have a defect in p53 gene
(R): p53 plays a central role in maintaining the integrity of the genome1 marksxii(A): Type-1 hypersensitivity reaction causes laryngeal edema
(R): Histamine causes increased vascular permeability and pain1 marksxiii(A): Dengue hemorrhagic fever causes thrombocytopenia
(R): Increase in immune destruction of platelets1 marksxiv(A): IL-4 and IL-13 causes activation of M2 macrophages
(R): M2 macrophages are not microbicidal1 marksxixWhich of the following mediators suppress inflammation1 marksxv(A): Rotheras test detects proteins in urine
(R): Nephrotic syndrome causes massive proteinuria1 marksxviThe hypersensitivity reaction associated with this condition is1 marksxviiRelease of which of the following chemical mediators is most likely responsible for this finding1 marksxviiiWhich of the following cytokine is NOT secreted by TH2 cells1 marksxxWhich of the following immunoglobulins play a major role in this reaction1 marks
2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 72year old gentleman with long standing Diabetes mellitus presented with frequent
urination and dysuria since a week, followed by fever of 101.8o F. On examination, his
face appeared flushed, heart rate was 102/min and BP was 88/60mm Hg. CBC
showed neutrophilicleukocytosis. He was started on antibiotics, but his urine output
decreased to 50ml/24h by 2nd day.15 marks2A 45-year-old lady with menorrhagia for 5-6 months presented with fatigue and loss of
appetite. Lab investigations showed Hb - 9gm% and peripheral smear showed small
RBCs with enhanced central pallor15 marks
Short essays5
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Write the chromosomal abnormality in Chronic myeloid leukemia1 marks14Name the condition associated with Bence-Jones proteinuria1 marks15Name ONE special stain for fat1 marks16Name ONE cancer that commonly spreads by hemotagenous route1 marks17Name any ONE hemoparasite1 marks18Hypersegmented neutrophils are seen in --------------- anemia1 marks19----------- necrosis is seen in Tuberculosis1 marks20Name the type of cells that replicate continuously1 marks21Heart failure cells are seen in ----------------1 marks22Deficiency of dietary niacin leads to -------------1 marks
2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)
20 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Multiple Choice Questions20
iOne of the following cytokine is a powerful chemo attractant1 marksiiIn Bernard-Soulier Syndrome there is defect of platelet1 marksiiiLeukocyte alkaline phosphatase is markedly reduced in:1 marksivThe most common cause for male hypogonadism is1 marksixPeripheral appetite suppressing signals includes1 marksvErythrophagocytosis is a feature of:1 marksviMultinucleate giant cells are seen in1 marksviiProlonged Bleeding time is seen in1 marksviiiNitric Oxide is synthesized by1 marksxIdentification of plasmodium falciparum in the peripheral smear include1 marksxi(A): Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) is a better screening method in blood banking
(R): Low antibody levels are detected by NAT
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct1 marksxii(A): Hepatocytes are labile cells
(R): Hepatocytes can re enter the cell cycle and regenerate themselves
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct
(PTO)1 marksxiii(A): Metastatic Calcification is seen in Hyperparathyroidism
(R): Serum calcium levels are normal in dystrophic calcification.
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct1 marksxiv(A): Gandy Gamna Bodies are seen in chronic venous congestion of Spleen
(R): Chronic venous congestion of spleen causes right sided heart failure.
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct1 marksxixThe most common morphology of red blood cells seen in the peripheral smear of the above case is1 marksxv(A): von Willebrand factor is synthesized by Hepatocytes
(R): von Willebrand factor is a carrier protein for factor VIII
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect d) A is incorrect R is correct1 marksxviWhat is your most probable clinical diagnosis1 marksxviiWhich one of the following investigation is diagnostic1 marksxviiiThe drop in the amount of Hemoglobin is mostly due to1 marksxxFibrin degradation products have
a) Potent anticoagulant effect b) Platelet aggregation effect
c) Prothrombotic effect d) Endothelial activation effect
Long Essays. (2x10=20)
2. A 50 year old person was admitted to the hospital with complaints of intermittent fever for the past two
weeks. He underwent a surgical procedure. The surgical wound has not healed. On examination Febrile,
Pulse rate – 102/mt, dyspnoea present, drowsy, urine output less than 100ml/ 24 hours. Blood sample
sent for culture and sensitivity. CBC – Hemoglobin 8g/dl, total WBC count -18000/cmm.
a) What is your provisional diagnosis
b) Describe briefly the etiopathogenesis of this condition
c) What are the various organ changes seen in this condition
d) Enlist the stages of this condition (2+3+3+2)
3. Define Leukaemia. Classify Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia as per WHO classification. Describe the
peripheral smear and bone marrow findings with illustrations in a case of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia.
(2+3+2+3)
Short Essays. (6X6=36)
4. Type II hypersensitivity reaction
5. Role of Chemical Carcinogens
6. Laboratory Diagnosis of Thalassemia
7. Granulomatous inflammation
8. Opportunistic Infections
9. Factors Influencing Wound Healing
Short Answers. (6x4=24)
10. Enlist two common indications and two absolute contraindications for bone marrow aspiration study
11. Enumerate four common laboratory tests done to confirm Multiple Myeloma
12. Enlist Four common types of Necrosis with suitable clinical examples
13. Name the four cardinal principles of Biomedical Ethics
14. Enlist four common anticoagulants used in a Hematology laboratory
15. Mention four common stains used to demonstrate Amyloid in the tissue1 marks
2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2013 April (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2014 March (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2015 February (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2016 February (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2017 February (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2018 February (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2019 February (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2022 February (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 50-year-old nulliparous female presents with a hard lesion of the right breast that she
had noticed 2 weeks ago. Clinical examination reveals puckering of the overlying skin
and retraction of the nipple along with a 3 cm hard mass in the upper outer quadrant of
the right breast. 3 hard masses are palpable in the right axilla. On questioning the
patient reveals a weight loss of 7kg in the last 2 months. Mammogram reveals a 3.4 cm
mass with irregular spiculated margins and increased density compared to the
surrounding breast tissue.
(15 marks2What are gestational trophoblastic diseases. Design a labelled diagram to depict the
origin of these lesions. Discuss the clinical features, morphology, and complications of
these conditions. (2+5+8)15 marks
Short essays5
3Types and pathogenesis of myocardial infarction8 marks4Differences between Crohn disease and Ulcerative colitis8 marks5Causes and morphology of acute and chronic gastric ulcers8 marks6CSF findings in acute bacterial, tuberculous and viral meningitis8 marks7Changes in serum markers and liver histology in Hepatitis B infection8 marks
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Name the coal induced pulmonary lesion seen in coal miners and urban dwellers1 marks14Name the inclusions seen in giant cells in sarcoidosis1 marks15Name the types of carcinoma lung1 marks16Name the IHC marker done in oral/oropharyngeal cancer1 marks17What is Linitis Plastica1 marks18Name the ovarian tumor that secretes estrogen1 marks19Name three types of gall stones1 marks20Name the histological features in post infectious glomerulonephritis1 marks21Name the most common forms of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease1 marks22Name the tumors associated with psammoma bodies1 marks
2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
Short essays5
3Describe the autopsy findings in lungs and heart in a 40-year-old male with longstanding
rheumatic heart disease with mitral stenosis8 marks4Classify Hodgkin Lymphoma. Describe the morphological features and
immunohistochemical profile of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma8 marks5Discuss the etiopathogenesis of carcinoma colon with a note on the adenoma-
carcinoma sequence8 marks6Explain the molecular basis of classification and prognostic features of Carcinoma
breast.8 marks7Describe the genetic basis, radiological findings and morphology of Ewing Sarcoma8 marks
Short answers5
8Write a short note on Hashimoto thyroiditis4 marks9Explain the macroscopic and microscopic changes seen in alcoholic cirrhosis with a
labeled diagram4 marks10Discuss the etiopathogenesis and urinary findings in poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis4 marks11Describe the types and grading of astrocytoma4 marks12Define nephrotic syndrome. Describe the gross and microscopic changes in kidney in
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus4 marks
Objective type questions10
13What is meant by Ghon focus.1 marks14What is Peutz Jegher’s polyp.1 marks15Name two causes of fatty liver.1 marks16What is meant by involucrum.1 marks17What is the genetic basis of Retinoblastoma1 marks18Orphan Annie nucleus is a feature of ______________________1 marks19Name two causes of flea bitten kidney1 marks20What is meant by Krukenberg tumor.1 marks21What is Ki 67.1 marks22Name the condition in which Gamna Gandy bodies are seen.1 marks
2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 7-year-old boy presents with puffiness of eyelids, decreased urine output of 6 days
duration. Clinical examination reveals generalized edema and mild hypertension. Urine
examination reveals numerous RBCs and mild proteinuria. He gives a history of a sore
throat 3 weeks ago. A renal biopsy is performed.
(15 marks2(5 marks
Short essays5
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Name the carcinoma that arises in the background of Barret esophagus1 marks14What is the stain for H. pylori1 marks15What is the appearance of hepatocytes in hepatitis B infection1 marks16Name the mode of inheritance of Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease1 marks17Name the types of gall bladder calculi1 marks18Name two neoplasms of the adrenal gland1 marks19Name the common molecular abnormality in carcinoma colon1 marks20Name the grading system for prostatic carcinoma1 marks21Name the condition associated with mature thyroid tissue in a benign cystic teratoma of
the ovary1 marks22What is sequestrum1 marks
2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 42-year-old woman, who did not have a medical checkup for many years, noted the
onset of post coital bleeding. On examination, she was found to have an ulcerated
growth on the anterior lip of cervix.
(15 marks2Discuss the etiopathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. What are the possible complications
that may arise due to the presence of these plaques in different arteries. Draw a labelled
diagram depicting the histological appearance of the same. (6+5+4)15 marks
Short essays5
3Risk factors and classification of endometrial carcinoma8 marks4Define bronchiectasis. Add a note on its etiopathogenesis, morphological features and
complications.8 marks5A 45-year-old male presents with a swelling over the right knee joint of three months
duration. X-Ray reveals an expansile lytic lesion, predominantly in the epiphyseal region
of right lower femur without any cortical breach. What is the likely diagnosis and why
Describe the radiological, gross and microscopic findings in this condition. (3+5)8 marks6Gross and microscopic changes in kidney in a long standing case of Diabetes Mellitus.8 marks7Discuss the types of ulcers in intestine (large and small intestine).8 marks
Short answers5
8Discuss the gross and microscopic appearance (with a diagram) of hydatidiform mole.4 marks9Discuss the etiopathogenesis and morphology of multinodular goitre.4 marks10Aetiopathogenesis of carcinoma colon.4 marks11Discuss the morphological appearance of Primary pulmonary tuberculosis.4 marks12Etiology and types of gall stones4 marks
Objective type questions10
13Why do smokers develop emphysema.1 marks14What is MEN 1 syndrome.1 marks15Name two bullous lesions in the skin.1 marks16What is sequestrum.1 marks17What is the genetic basis of Wilms tumor.1 marks18Ferruginous bodies are seen in ______________________1 marks19Starry sky appearance in Burkitt Lymphoma is due _______________1 marks20Cyclin D1 amplification is a feature of which lymphoma.1 marks21Amyloid deposits are seen in which thyroid neoplasm.1 marks22What is Aschoff body. In which condition do you see.1 marks
2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 49-year-old lady presented with a lump in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. It
was about 3cm, firm and immobile. A mammogram done showed stippled calcifications.
She underwent FNAC followed by lumpectomy. Gross examination of the specimen
showed a 3x2 cm, firm, greyish mass with irregular margins15 marks2Explain the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, morphologic features and complications
of Rheumatic heart disease (5+4+4+2)15 marks
Short essays5
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13Gastrin secreting tumors of stomach cause ------------------ syndrome1 marks14The antigen which appears before onset of symptoms in Hepatitis B is ----------1 marks15Name the testicular tumor not associated with GCNIS1 marks16Name one immunohistochemical marker for melanoma1 marks17Name the childhood tumor that occurs exclusively in the cerebellum1 marks18---------- crystals are deposited in Gout1 marks19Skip lesions and deep fissured in colon are a feature of ----------1 marks20Name one EBV- associated malignancy1 marks21Name the antibody seen in Goodpasture syndrome1 marks22Name the lung disease associated with cotton dust1 marks
2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
Short essays5
Short answers5
Objective type questions10
13--------------- mutation commonly seen in Renal cell carcinoma1 marks14Two antibodies seen in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis1 marks15Two tumors caused by H. Pylori1 marks16Name two bullous disease of the skin1 marks17Negri bodies seen in -------------1 marks18MEN 1 syndrome components1 marks19Medullary carcinoma is derived from ------- cells of the thyroid1 marks20Prognostic markers of breast carcinoma1 marks21Two types of carcinoma lung1 marks22Two types of gallbladder stones1 marks
2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
20 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Multiple Choice Questions20
iGhon focus is associated with1 marksiiRisk factor associated with transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder is1 marksiiiHyperplastic arteriosclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis are associated with1 marksivHemorrhagic pericardial effusion is seen in1 marksixRisk factors of colorectal adenocarcinoma includes1 marksvKrukenberg tumour of the ovary is an example of1 marksviWhich of the following are causes of hypercalcemia1 marksviiFeatures of Cushings syndrome includes1 marksviiiSquamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is associated with1 marksxSyndromes associated with Wilms tumour are1 marksxi(A) Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia are mucosal plaques that may undergo malignant transformation.
(R) The risk of malignant transformation is greater in leukoplakia than in erythroplakia.1 marksxii(A) Hepatocytes show PASD positive cytoplasmic globular inclusions in Alpha -1 -Antitrypsin deficiency.
(R) Alpha-1-Antitrypsin deficiency is caused by mutations that lead to misfolding of Alpha -1-Antitrypsin1 marksxiii(A) Migratory thrombophlebitis occurs in 10% of pancreatic carcinomas
(R) Pancreatic carcinomas are associated with platelet aggregating factors, anticoagulants and necrotic
products.1 marksxiv(A) Intravesical administration of BCG (Bacillus Calmette Geurin) is a treatment for bladder carcinoma
(R) BCG elicits granulomatous inflammation and local anti tumour immune response.1 marksxixWhat is the most sensitive and specific marker for a myocardial infarction (MI)1 marksxv(A) Osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of autoimmune origin.
(R) It is an intrinsic disorder of cartilage in response to mechanical and biochemical stress and failure of
its repair1 marksxviWhich of the following cellular changes is associated with irreversible injury1 marksxviiWhat are the classic signs of a cardiac tamponade1 marksxviiiWhat is the key complication in the first 24 hours of an MI1 marksxxWhich of the following vessel is commonly occluded in MI
a) Left anterior descending b) Left circumflex
c) Right anterior descending d) Right coronary artery
Long Essays. (2x10=20)
2. A 65 year old male complains of dyspepsia, nausea, weightloss and loss of appetite since 6 months.
Clinical examination reveals a mass palpable in the epigastric region. Endoscopy shows a proliferative
growth near the stomach near the lesser curvature
a) What is the probable diagnosis.
b) Describe the aetiopathogenesis of the lesion.
c) Classify and describe the morphology of the disease.
d) Enumerate the usual sites of metastasis of this lesion. (1+2+5+2)
3. Describe in detail the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, morphology and complications of
Atherosclerosis.
Short Essays. (6X6=6)
4. Risk factors and prognostic factors of carcinoma breast.
5. Types of Emphysema.
6. Germ cell tumors of testis.
7. Classification of intestinal polyps.
8. Hashimotos thyroiditis – Aetiopathogenesis and morphology.
9. Osteogenic sarcoma – Aetiopathogenesis and morphology.
Short Answers. (6x4=24)
10. Retinoblastoma.
11. Hydatidiform mole.
12. Pathology of Hodgkin lymphoma.
13. Write briefly on the barriers to implementation of health as a universal right.
14. Renal calculi – morphology and complications.
15. Basal cell carcinoma1 marks
2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)
34 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
2A 6 year old school going boy was brought by his father to the Paediatric OPD with complaints of
swelling in the face and leg for the past one week with passing of reduced amount of high
coloured urine since 3 days. The father also gave a past history of the boy having scabies,
detected and treated in his school health programme. On examination the boy is under
nourished, periorbital edema present, pedal edema present. His Blood pressure was 130/100
mm of Hg.Pulse rate was 94/mt regular.10 marks3Discuss in detail the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction. Discuss the gross and
microscopic features of myocardial infarction. Add a note on the complications (4+3+3)10 marks
Short Essays6
Short Answers6
10Germ cell tumours of Ovary4 marks11Meningioma4 marks12Enlist four common situations in which the Confidentiality principle of Bioethics could be
breached4 marks13Pleomorphic adenoma4 marks14Compare and contrast four important microscopic features of Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative
Colitis4 marks15Osteoclastoma4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions20
iPresence of tumour cells in an Indian file pattern is typical of1 marksiiAll are true about carcinoma endometrium EXCEPT1 marksiiiReid index is diagnostic of1 marksivDuke’s criteria is often used in the diagnosis1 marksixSmall blue round cell tumours include1 marksvAll are true about malignant melanoma EXCEPT1 marksviType I diabetes mellitus1 marksviiEpstein Barr Virus is associated with the following cancers1 marksviiiFeatures of Helicobacter pylori infection1 marksxGlomerular alterations in diabetic nephropathy includes1 marksxi(A) Prophylactic colectomy is to be done in all patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
(FAP)
(R) Minimum 100 polyps are necessary for the diagnosis of FAP1 marksxii(A) Intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinoma present as polypoid bulky tumour
(R) E-cadherin expression is lost in intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinoma1 marksxiii(A) Hepatitis E virus is the most common cause for transfusion associated Hepatitis
(R) Hepatitis E infection in pregnancy carries higher mortality1 marksxiv(A) Psammoma bodies are seen in cases of papillary carcinoma thyroid
(R) Dystrophic calcification of tumour necrosis produces Psammoma bodies1 marksxixMorphologic type of invasive carcinoma breast with excellent prognosis1 marksxv(A) Charcot Leyden Crystals are seen in sputum of patients with Bronchial Asthma
(R) Remodeling of the bronchial wall occurs in cases of Bronchial Asthma1 marksxviMicroscopy of this lesion will show all EXCEPT1 marksxviiWhich one of the following is NOT included in the triple assessment of breast lumps1 marksxviiiAll of the following are prognostic parameters in the evaluation of Breast Carcinoma EXCEPT1 marksxxAll are true statement about HER2 positive invasive carcinoma breast EXCEPT1 marks
Pharmacology PYQs
Antimicrobials
Antimicrobials
Essays (34)
1A Resident surgeon consults a physician with the following problem: During a surgical
procedure he got exposed to a 26-year-old female patient’s blood and saliva through a
piercing injury on the finger. A needle had penetrated across his gloves and skin to a
depth of 2–3 mm, but was withdrawn immediately and the area washed under running
water. On enquiry, the patient revealed that one year back she had tested HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Viru2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Ritu, 40-year-old female with complaints of high fever with chills. On asking, she revealed
dysuria, urgency etc. A diagnosis of Acute lower urinary tract infection was made.
(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks3Prasad, 40-year-man weighing 60 kg suffering from chronic cough with expectoration and
fever was diagnosed to have cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis.
(2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks4(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 12 marks5A 30-year-old male patient with history of productive cough, evening rise of temperature
and weight loss since 1 month visits a physician in a tertiary care hospital. On
investigation, patient was positive for acid fast bacilli in the sputum and a diagnosis of
pulmonary tuberculosis was made.
(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 11 marks6Classify antifungal drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of Amphotericin B.
Add a note on the various liposomal formulations of Amphotericin B (2+6+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks7A 45-year-old male factory worker weighing 60 kg reports to the hospital with cough and expectoration,
mild chest pain, weakness and fatigue for the last one month. In addition, he has developed low grade
fever for the last one week. He gives history of having suffered from tuberculosis of the lung one year back
for which he took treatment from the hospital and became all right in 2 months. He stopped taking the
medicines after another 1 month, though he was told by the doctor to continue treatment. The sputum was
found to be positive for AFB and X-ray chest showed a 5 cm cavitary lesion in the right middle lobe and
fibrotic changes in the upper lobe. He was diagnosed to be a previously treated and defaulted patient of
pulmonary tuberculosis.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks8(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 8 marks9List aminoglycoside antibiotics. Mention its four common properties and two adverse effects.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks10A 60 years old woman with diabetes complains of thickening and yellowish
discoloration of right big toe. The physician diagnosed it as onychomycosis of toe nail.
What are the drugs useful in treatment of this patient. Explain the mechanism of
action and adverse effects of any one drug. (2+2+2)2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks11Classify anti malarial drugs. Mention the adverse effects and therapeutic uses of chloroquine.
(2+2+2=6)2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks12Classify drugs used in treatment of malaria. Explain the mechanism of action, adverse effects
and dose of any one such drug. Which drug is used for radical cure of acute vivax malaria.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks13Read the case history and answer the following questions:
Mr. Ramu 40 years presented with H/o fever with chills for the past two days and
diagnosed as a case of plasmodium falciparum malaria.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks14Read the case history and answer the following questions: An 18 years old boy was
brought to the outpatient department with history of fever with chills and shivering for
the past three days. Peripheral blood smear showed presence of intra erythrocytic
P.vivax parasite. (2+2+2)
Prescribe drugs treatment for the patient with dosage schedules.
Explain the mechanism of action of chloroquine.
What are the adverse effects of chloroquine when used for prolonged
period in large doses2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks15An immigrant labourer comes to the hospital with fever, chills and rigor.
Peripheral smear showed malarial parasites. He was given chloroquine and primaquine.
Classify antimalarial drugs
Why are chloroquine and primaquine combined.
Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of chloroquine.
List four drugs used for chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria. (2+1+2+1)2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks16Classify Antimalarial drugs. Write the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and
adverse effects of Chloroquine. (3+3)2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks17Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions: 40 years old man who was on
metronidazole for amoebic dysentery went to a cocktail party where he consumed alcohol. After
some time, he started developing symptoms like flushing, burning sensation, throbbing headache,
dizziness, tightness in chest, vomiting.2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks18Mr. Madhavan aged 40 yrs developed pulmonary tuberculosis and he was given
treatment with first line anti-tubercular agents. After one month of regular
treatment, he reported back with complaints of visual disturbances and difficulty in
following traffic signals.
Which drug is responsible for his complaints
What is the mechanism of its action in tuberculosis
What is MDR-TB
How will you manage MDR-TB (1+2+1+2)2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks19A 45-year-old nurse complaining of evening rise of temperature since a month with
loss of appetite and weight is presenting with sputum positive for AFB and
diagnosis for primary pulmonary tuberculosis.
(2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks20Enumerate the antibiotics which act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Mention the detailed
mechanism of action of any one of them on bacterial cell wall synthesis. Add a note on beta
lactamase inhibitors (2 + 2 +2 = 6)2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks21Classify cephalosporins. Describe the mechanism of action and clinical uses of ceftriaxone.
Which drug can be combined with amoxicillin to treat infection due to beta lactamase
producing staph. aureus. ( 2+1+2+1 = 6)2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks22A 50 years old lady complains of pain in the throat and has been diagnosed to
have streptococcal tonsillitis. Answer the following:2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks23Classify cephalosporins. Mention the mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses
of third generation cephalosporin. (2+2+2=6)2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks24Classify beta lactam antibiotics. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of ceftriaxone. (2+2+1+1)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks25Enumerate macrolide antibiotics. Describe briefly its mechanism of action and mention
four uses. Add a note on linezolid. (1+2+1+2=6)2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks26Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions. A 20 years old pregnant woman
developed a mild upper respiratory tract infection .She was given cap. Tetracycline 250mg thrice
daily for three days.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks27Classification of fluoroquinolones .Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and
adverse effects of sparfloxacin. (2 + 2+ 2 =6)2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks28A 20 years old pregnant women developed a mild bacterial upper respiratory tract
infection. She was given cap. tetracycline 250 mg thrice daily for 3 days. Answer the
following questions:2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks29Classify fluoroquinolones. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects
of fluoroquinolones. (2+1+2+1)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks30Enumerate the second generation fluoroquinolones. What is their mechanism of
action. What are the adverse effects produced by them. (2+2+2)2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks31A 40 years old female patient admitted to hospital with a complaint of fever with chills
and right loin pain since 5 days. She is a known diabetic. Urine microscopy shows
plenty of pus cells and gram negative bacilli. Her serum creatinine is moderately
elevated. Ultra sonogram of abdomen suggestive of acute pyelonephritis of right
kidney.2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks32A 24-year-old female with fever and chills came to causality. Gives history of
urinary urgency and dysuria. Urine examination confirmed acute lower urinary
tract infection and urine sample given for culture and sensitivity.
(2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks33Classify drugs used in the treatment of Tuberculosis. Outline the mechanism of
action, adverse effects and uses of Rifampicin. (2+4)2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks34Classify the drugs used in Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis. Write the mechanism of
action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Rifampicin (3+3)2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Essays (16)
35(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks36(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks37(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks38(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks39(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks40(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks41Enumerate Cephalosporins. Describe their mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of third generation Cephalosporins. (4+4)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks42(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks43(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks44Mention two aminoglycosides. Explain four common properties of aminoglycosides. What is post-antibiotic
effect. (1+4+1)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks45Write in detail on the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks46How will you treat a case of malaria. What is the treatment given for relapse. Mention the drugs which can
be given to prevent malaria while visiting an endemic area. (2+2+2)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks47Explain prophylactic use of antimicrobials giving suitable examples.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks48Describe the mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses of Rifampicin.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks49Mention Two drugs which can be given to treat enteric fever. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and
adverse effects of any one. (2+4)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks50Discuss in detail about FOUR pharmacokinetic drug interactions with suitable examples.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (177)
51Mention adverse effects of Aminoglycosides2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks52Ivermectin2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks53Albendazole.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks54Albendazole2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks55Triazole Antifungal agents.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks56Treatment of Chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks57Artemisinin based combination therapy in Malaria2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks58Pharmacological basis for the use of Benzathine Penicillin in Rheumatic fever prophylaxis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks59Management of Hospital Acquired Infections.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks60Treatment of Pulmonary tuberculosis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks61What is the pharmacological basis for the use of pyridoxine along with isoniazid.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks62Pharmacological basis for the use of Zidovudine in HIV.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks63Acyclovir2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks64Write briefly on post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection after a needlestick injury.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks65Compare and contrast: erythromycin and azithromycin.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks66Ciprofloxacin2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks67Antibiotics given only parenterally2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark68Filariasis.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark69Treatment of ascariasis2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark70Hookworm infestation2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark71Round worm infestation2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark72Treatment of onchocercosis2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark73In treatment of filariasis2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark74Treatment of hook worm infestation2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark75Mebendazole2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark76Diethylcarbamazine citrate2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark77Albendazole2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark78Ivermectin2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark79Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC)2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark80Ivermectin2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark81Treatment of amoebiasis (from different groups)2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark82Treatment of extra intestinal amoebiasis2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark83Intestinal amoebiasis.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark84Amoebiasis.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark85For treatment of amebic liver abscess2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark86Metronidazole2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark87Metronidazole2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark88Systemic antifungal drugs2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark89Topical anti fungals2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark90Dermatophytosis.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark91Uses of azole antifungal agents2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark92Two differences between ketoconazole and fluconazole2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark93Topical antifungal agents2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark94Amphotericin B2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark95Griseofulvin2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark96Multi bacillary leprosy.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark97Lepra reactions2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark98Uses of clofazimine2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark99Pharmacological basis for the use of thalidomide in lepra reaction2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark100Clofazimine2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark101Treatment of multi drug resistant falciparum malaria2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark102Chloroquine resistant malaria.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark103Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark104Used in chloroquine resistant malaria2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark105Sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine in malaria2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark106Acyclovir2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark107Primaquine in plasmodium vivax malaria2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark108Primaquine in Vivax malaria2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark109Chemoprophylaxis of surgical site infection2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark110Prevention of AIDS in the new born2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark111Pseudomembranous colitis.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark112Specify the important spectrum of vancomycin2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark113Urinary tract infections2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark114Burns infected with pseudomonas aeruginosa2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark115Mention four uses of metronidazole2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark116What is post antibiotic effect and mention one example2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark117Prophylaxis of rheumatic fever2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark118Rationale of combining trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark119Vancomycin2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark120Mention four adverse effects of rifampicin2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark121First line anti tubercular drugs2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark122Brucellosis.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark123Treatment of multi drug resistant tuberculosis2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark124Chemoprophylaxis in tuberculosis2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark125Treatment of MDR-TB2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark126Mechanism of action of INH2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark127Isoniazid hydrazide2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark128Multidrug therapy for tuberculosis2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark129INH and pyridoxine2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark130Rifampicin2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark131Streptomycin2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark132Pyridoxine with isoniazid2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark133Rifampicin2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark134Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) with Isoniazid (INH) in Antitubercular therapy.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark135Rifampicin.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark136Pyridoxine should be given with Isoniazid.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark137Mechanism of action of oseltamivir.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark138Mechanism of action of acyclovir2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark139HIV infection..2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark140Retro viral infections2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark141H1N1 viral infection.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark142Antiretroviral drugs2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark143Non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark144Post exposure prophylaxis of HIV (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark145Herpes zoster infection.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark146For herpes virus infection2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark147Protease inhibitors2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark148Mention anti pseudomonal penicillins2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark149Anti pseudomonal drugs2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark150Gram negative septicemia2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark151Specify the important spectrum of ciprofloxacin.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark152Pharmacological basis for combining beta lactamase inhibitors with beta lactam
antibiotics.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark153Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark154Metronidazole and ceftriaxone for brain abscess2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark155Cilastatin with Imipenem2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark156Clavulanic acid with Amoxicillin2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark157Use of Clavulanic acid with Amoxicillin.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark158Gentamicin2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark159Combination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark160What are streptogramins and mention one use of it2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark161Mycobacterium avium complex.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark162Mechanism of action of clarithromycin.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark163Used in anaerobic infections2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark164Fluoroquinolones2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark165Mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark166Ciprofloxacin2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark167Ciprofloxacin2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark168Fluroquinolones.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark169Treatment of pneumocystis carnii2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark170Mechanism of action of co-trimoxazole.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark171Mechanism of action of cotrimoxazole2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark172Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole as a combination2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark173Combination of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark174Typhoid fever2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark175Typhoid fever2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark176Tetracyclines2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark177Aminoglycoside antibiotics.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks178Drugs effective in Round worm infestations.2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks179Chloroquine / Diloxanide furoate in amebic liver abscess2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks180Luminal amoebicides2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks181Tissue amoebicides.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks182Griseofulvin / Miconazole in candida albicans2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks183Triazole antifungal drugs2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks184Azole antifungals2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks185Drugs useful in Lepra reaction.2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks186Drugs used for Lepra reaction2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks187Ciprofloxacin/Norfloxacin in urinary tract infection2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks188Drugs for urinary tract infection2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks189Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (nNRTIs)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks190Anti-herpes virus drugs2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks191Anti Hepatitis B viral drugs2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks192Neuraminidase inhibitors2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks193Post-exposure prophylaxis in HIV infection2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks194Antiretroviral drugs2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks195Protease inhibitors2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks196Anti-influenza virus drugs2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks197Third generation / Fourth generation cephalosporins in MRSA infection2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks198Drugs effective against both gram positive & gram negative organisms2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks199Anti-seborrheic agents2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks200Tocolytics2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks201Antipseudomonal cephalosporins2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks202Iron chelators2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks203Anticancer antibiotics2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks204Third generation cephalosporins2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks205Ciprofloxacin / Amoxicillin in urinary tract infection in pregnancy
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks206Chloramphenicol/Ceftriaxone in typhoid fever2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks207Ciprofloxacin/Ceftriaxone in a pregnant lady diagnosed to have Enteric fever2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks208Drugs to treat Filariasis.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks209Drugs for treating Filariasis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks210Drugs used for treatment of Filariasis2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks211Drugs for pseudomembranous enterocolitis2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks212Drugs for treating Pseudomembranous enterocolitis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks213Drugs used for treating Pseudomembranous enterocolitis2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks214Topical antifungal agents.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks215Topical antifungal agents2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks216Antileprotic drugs.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks217Drugs for treating Lepra reaction2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks218Drugs for herpes simplex2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks219Antiretroviral drugs.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks220Drugs to treat Influenza.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks221Neuraminidase inhibitors2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks222Drugs used in Penicillinase producing staphylococcal infections.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks223Azithromycin/Clindamycin for mycoplasma pneumonia
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks224Ceftriaxone/ Amikacin in gonorrhoea
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks225Drugs active against pseudomonas infection2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks226Drugs used for typhoid fever2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks227Drugs for pneumocystis carini infection2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (57)
228Adverse effects of aminoglycosides2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks229Adverse effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks230Aminoglycosides2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks231Ivermectin.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks232Albendazole2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks233Ivermectin2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks234Albendazole2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks235Albendazole2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks236Metronidazole2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks237Metronidazole2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks238Fluconazole2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks239Amphotericin B.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks240Itraconazole2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks241Griseofulvin2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks242Azole antifungals2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks243Amphotericin B.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks244Lepra reaction2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks245Thalidomide2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks246Artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT ) in malaria2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks247Chloroquine2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks248Artemisinin derivatives2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks249Chloroquine2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks250Chloroquine2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks251Chloroquine2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks252Metronidazole.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks253Metronidazole2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks254Metronidazole2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks255Antibiotic resistance2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks256Superinfection2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks257Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of rifampicin.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks258Rifampicin.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks259Rifampicin2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks260Isoniazid (INH)2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks261Protease inhibitors in HIV infection.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks262Protease inhibitors2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks263Oseltamivir2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks264Acyclovir2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks265Second generation cephalosporins and its uses.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks2664th generation cephalosporins2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks267Beta-Lactamase inhibitors2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks268III generation cephalosporin2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks269Penicillin2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks270Azithromycin2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks271Clarithromycin2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks272Linezolid2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks273Vancomycin2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks274Ciprofloxacin2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks275Gatifloxacin.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks276Non systemic antacids2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks277Ciprofloxacin2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks278Treatment of multi drug resistance tuberculosis2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks279Ofloxacin2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks280Ciprofloxacin2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks281Cotrimoxazole2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks282Cotrimoxazole2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks283Cotrimoxazole2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks284Doxycycline2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (8)
285The mechanism of action of the drug terbinafine is:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark286Assertion (A): Ticarcillin is combined with Gentamicin for Pseudomonas infection, especially in
neutropenic patients.
Reason (R): Ticarcillin inhibits cell wall synthesis and Gentamicin inhibits protein synthesis and both of
them are bactericidal.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark287Cotrimoxazole is NOT effective against infections caused by:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark288Assertion (A): Vancomycin is used primarily to treat infections caused by Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Reason (R): Vancomycin inhibits the formation of bacterial cell walls by binding to D-alanyl-
D-alanine, a component of the peptidoglycan precursor.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark289The potent inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections is:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark290The drug that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, useful against Bacteroides fragilis and may cause
pseudomembranous enterocolitis is:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark291Assertion (A): Penicillin G is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Reason (R): Broad-spectrum antibiotics are known to cause superinfections.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark292The antibiotics known to target bacterial protein synthesis are:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark
Autacoids
Autacoids
Essays (3)
1A 65-year-old lady presented with pain in both knees more on the left side. The pain is
worsened by walking or standing for some time. X-Ray of knee shows narrowing of joint
space, mild effusion and osteophytic projections. A diagnosis of Osteoarthritis of knee is
made. She gave past history of ischemic heart disease a year back which was treated
by angioplasty and a stent was placed.
(2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Classify non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs. List the uses of NSAIDs. Mention four
differences between aspirin and celicoxib. (2+2+2=6)2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks3Enumerate four groups of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with the example each.
Describe the pharmacological actions, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of any one of
them. (2+2+1+1=6)2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Essays (5)
4Enumerate drugs used in Peptic ulcer. Add a note on Prokinetic agents. (4+4)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks5Classify drugs used in Bronchial asthma. Discuss the management of Status
Asthmaticus. (4+4)
(PTO)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks6(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks7Aspirin.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks8(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks
Short Answers (38)
9Selective COX-2 inhibitors (merits and demerits).2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks10Treatment of Acute attack of gout2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks11Pharmacological basis of drugs used in treatment of Acute Migraine2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks12Therapeutic uses of Anti-histamines.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks13Mention four prostaglandin analogs and their respective clinical indications.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks14Sumatriptan.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks15Drugs used in migraine prophylaxis.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks16Enumerate the Merits and Demerits of selective Cox-2 Inhibitors2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks17Clinical uses of prostaglandins2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark18Mast cell stabilizers2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark19Non sedative antihistamines2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark20Non sedative antihistamines2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark21Treatment of migraine.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark22The treatment of migraine.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark23Migraine.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark24Anti emetics2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark25H1 receptor blockers2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark26Mention two selective Cox-2 inhibitors.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark27Anti emetics2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark28Triptans2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark29Histamine releasers2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark30Mechanism of action of ondansetron2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark31Rationale of using low dose aspirin in post myocardial infarction.2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark32Misoprostol in the treatment of Aspirin induced gastritis2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark33Selective cyclooxygenase – 2 (COX-2) inhibitors2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks34H2 Antihistamines2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks35Mast cell stabilizers2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks36Prostaglandin analogues2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks37Mast cell stabilizers2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks38Triptans2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks39Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks40Triptans2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks41Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks42Selective COX-2 inhibitors.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks43Domperidone/ Ondansetron in the treatment of Chemotherapy induced vomiting2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks44Prostaglandin analogues.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks45Prostaglandin analogues.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks46Ondansetron/Domperidone in chemotherapy induced emesis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (12)
47Second generation antihistamines2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks48Prophylaxis of migraine2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks49Uses of prostaglandins2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks50Sumatriptan2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks51Cetirizine2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks52Drug therapy of migraine prophylaxis2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks53Prophylaxis of migraine2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks54Clinical uses of prostaglandins2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks55Second generation H1 antihistaminic drugs2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks56Sumatriptan2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks57Therapeutic uses of Prostaglandins.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks58Mast cell stabilizers.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Short Essays (4)
1Classify drugs used in treatment of chronic simple glaucoma. Write the mechanism of
action and adverse effects of Beta blockers. (4+4)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks2Briefly describe Adrenaline. Advantage of combining Adrenaline with Lignocaine.
Mention the sites where this combination is contraindicated. (4+3+1)2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks3(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks4(2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks
Essays (10)
5Read the clinical problem and answer the following question:
An elderly male aged 70 years was brought to the outpatient department with
complaints of difficulty in passing urine, poor stream & post void dribbling. Examination
revealed that he had benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and his BP was 160/ 100 mm
of Hg. (2+2+2).
What drug will you prescribe to take care of both BPH & hypertension
Explain the mechanism of action of the drug in this patient
What do you understand by ‘first dose effect’ of Prazosin2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks6Classify Beta blockers. Write the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and
contraindications of Propranolol. (3+3)2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks7Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions:2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks8A patient suffering from schizophrenia was being treated with haloperidol for the last four
weeks. Now he developed rigidity, tremors, hypokinesia and classical gait. Answer the
following:2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks9Enumerate the topical group of agents used in the treatment of open angle glaucoma.
Give examples and explain the mechanism of action of each group of drugs. (2+2+2)2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks10Classify anticholinergic drugs. Describe the pharmacological actions, therapeutic
uses and contraindications of atropine. (2+2+1+1)2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks11Classify atropine substitutes, explain their uses and adverse effects (3+2+1)2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks12A farmer was brought to the emergency department of the hospital presenting with
lacrimation, salivation, sweating and breathlessness. O/E he is having miosis, blurring
of vision, bronchospasm with copious trachea-bronchial secretions with BP-
100/60mmHg and PR-60/min. He gives history of spraying a strong insecticide in his
agricultural field.
(2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks13A 22-year-old farmer was brought to the casualty with symptoms of nausea, vomiting,
severe abdominal pain, lacrimation, salivation, blurring of vision, muscular twitches and
weakness. He was suspected to have consumed Organo-phosphorous compound.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks14A man aged 45 years presented with complaints of gradual onset double vision,
drooping eyelids, difficulty in chewing food and weakness of limbs which is accentuated
by exercise. The symptoms fluctuate in intensity over time. A provisional diagnosis of
Myasthenia gravis is made.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (69)
15Enumerate Alpha blockers and explain their therapeutic uses. (1+3)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks16Enumerate four therapeutic uses of Adrenaline, with its rationale for use in each
condition.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks17Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Neostigmine2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks18Pharmacotherapy of Organophosphorous poisoning2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks19Pharmacological management of Myasthenia gravis.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks20What is the rationale of using Beta-blockers in Glaucoma.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks21Pharmacological basis for the use of Timolol in glaucoma.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks22Cardio selective beta blockers2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark23Benign prostatic hypertrophy.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark24Rationale of using terazosin in benign prostatic hypertrophy2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark25Two uses and two adverse effects of propranolol.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark26Nasal decongestants.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark27Cardio selective beta blockers2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark28Nasal decongestants2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark29Use of prazosin in benign prostatic hypertrophy2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark30Selective alpha blockers2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark31Rationale for use of prazosin in benign prostatic hyperplasia2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark32Beta 2 sympathomimetic drugs2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark33Propranolol in thyroid storm2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark34Prazosin2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark35Propranolol in thyrotoxicosis2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark36Prazosin in Benign hypertrophy of prostate.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark37Adrenaline in anaphylactic shock2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark38Finasteride in benign prostatic hypertrophy2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark39Propranolol2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark40Prazosin2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark41Adrenaline.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark42Drugs used in Myasthenia gravis2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark43Bronchodilators (of two different groups)2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark44Two uses and two adverse effects of atropine2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark45Explain briefly why physostigmine is preferred over neostigmine for the treatment of glaucoma.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark46Rationale for use of physostigmine in atropine poisoning2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark47Cholinesterase reactivators2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark48Drugs used in myasthenia gravis.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark49Management of organophosphorus poisoning.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark50Rationale for the use of glycopyrrolate in pre-anesthetic medication.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark51Anti- muscarinic drugs2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark52Explain the rationale for the use of oximes in organophosphorus poisoning.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark53Rationale for use of pilocarpine in glaucoma2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark54Used in treatment of acute congestive glaucoma2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark55Why is benzhexol used in the treatment of drug induced Parkinsonism.2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark56Atropine as antisecretory agent2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark57Pralidoxime in organophosphate compound poisoning2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark58Trihexyphenidyl in drug induced extrapyramidal syndrome2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark59Trihexyphenidyl in the treatment of Drug induced parkinsonism2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark60Cardio selective beta blocker2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks61Lidocaine / Propranolol to treat arrhythmia following myocardial infarction
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks62Topical nasal decongestants2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks63Nasal decongestants2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks64Timolol/Propranolol in glaucoma
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks65Cardioselective beta blockers.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks66Fluconazole / Ketoconazole in fungal meningitis
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks67Drugs for open angle glaucoma2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks68Vesico-selective anticholinergics2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks69Physostigmine / Neostigmine in glaucoma management
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks70Physostigmine/Neostigmine in atropine poisoning2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks71Physostigmine/Neostigmine for Atropine poisoning2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks72Anticholinesterases2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks73Trihexyphenidyl /Levodopa in Drug induced parkinsonism.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks74Prazosin/Tamsulosin in Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks75Drugs used for Smoking cessation2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks76Prazosin/Phentolamine for the treatment of Benign hypertrophy of prostate (BPH) in
elderly patients2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks77Nasal decongestants.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks78Edrophonium /Pyridostigmine for the diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis.2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks79Drugs used to treat Organophosphorus poisoning2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks80Vasicoselective anticholinergics.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks81Levodopa/Benzhexol in chlorpromazine induced Parkinsonism
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks82Atropine / Phenylephrine for refraction testing.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks83Drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s disease.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (17)
84Nasal decongestants2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks85Dopamine2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks86Dopamine in cardiogenic shock.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks87Therapeutic uses of adrenergic drugs.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks88Carvedilol2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks89Metoprolol2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks90Prazosin2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks91Cardioselective beta blockers2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks92Adrenaline2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks93Treatment of organophosphorus poisoning2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks94Drug treatment of anti cholinesterase poisoning2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks95Treatment of organophosphorous poisoning2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks96Atropine2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks97Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of atropine.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks98Neostigmine.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks99Edrophonium2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks100Neostigmine2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (10)
101The following statement regarding thyroid hormone is FALSE:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark102The beta-adrenergic blockers preferred in hyperthyroidism is:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark103Norepinephrine lacks the following action:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark104Mrs. Rose’s intraocular pressure (IOP) is 28 mmHg. Which class of drugs is most likely to lower IOP
by decreasing aqueous humour production2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark105Toxicities of atropine include the following:
1. Bradycardia 2. Dry mouth 3. Miosis 4. Psychotic behavior2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark106Assertion (A): Neostigmine and its congeners are the first line drugs used to restore muscle
strength in myasthenia gravis.
Reason (R): They improve muscle contraction by allowing acetylcholine released from
prejunctional endings to accumulate and act on the nicotinic receptors over a wider area.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark107The drug that should be used cautiously in Mrs. Rose, who has a history of bronchial asthma2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark108Assertion (A): Pralidoxime is most specific drug for organophosphate poisoning.
Reason (R): Organophosphates block AChE enzyme2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark109The preferred first-line pharmacologic treatment for open-angle glaucoma is:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark110The Vasicoselective anticholinergic used in urinary frequency, urgency, and dysuria is2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Blood
Blood
Essays (3)
1A 52-year-old man presented with complaints of tightness and discomfort in middle part
of chest, particularly after brisk walking. This is relived within 10 minutes of rest. A
diagnosis of Angina pectoris was made by physician after appropriate investigations.
(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Read the clinical problem and answer the following question: Mr.Shankar, 54 years suddenly
developed severe chest pain. He was a diabetic and admitted in the ICCU with the diagnosis of
acute myocardial infarction,2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks3A 24year old lady comes to the OPD with complaints of high fever with chills and
rigors for the past 3 days. She also complains of headache, body ache and
weakness. The fever lasts for 4 to 6 hours and subsides after sweating. You make a
diagnosis of malaria based on blood smear which showed P. vivax parasites.2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Essays (6)
4(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks5(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks6Heparin. (2+3+3)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks7Discuss the management of drug induced Parkinsonism. Discuss the management of
megaloblastic anaemia. (4+4)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks8Mention two low molecular weight heparins. Explain their mechanism of action. What are the
differences between unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins. (1+2+3)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks9(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 4 marks
Short Answers (65)
10Streptokinase.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks11Pharmacological basis for the use of Fenofibrate in Hyperlipedemia.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks12Pharmacological basis for the use of Protamine sulphate in heparin overdosage.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks13Mechanism of action and therapeutic indications of Atorvastatin2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks14Explain the rationale of Levodopa and Carbidopa fixed drug combination in Parkinson’s disease2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks15Low molecular weight heparins2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark16Anti platelet drugs2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark17Radical cure in plasmodium vivax infection2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark18Two differences between heparin and warfarin2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark19Hyperlipidemia2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark20Rationale for use of prostaglandin in acid peptic disease2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark21Low molecular weight heparins2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark22Acute myocardial infarction.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark23Iron deficiency anemia.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark24Fibrinolytics.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark25Hyperlipidemia.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark26Treatment of Iron deficiency anemia2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark27Thrombolytic agents2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark28Fibrinolytic agents2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark29Combination of adrenaline with lignocaine in infiltration local anesthesia2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark30Levodopa and carbidopa combination in Parkinson’s disease2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark31Tenecteplase2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark32Human erythropoietin (Epoietin)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark33Beta blockers in angina2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark34Carbidopa in combination with Levodopa.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark35Dextran2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark36Adrenaline with lignocaine in local anaesthesia2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark37Vitamin K in warfarin toxicity2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark38Levodopa and carbidopa in parkinsonism2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark39Low dose Aspirin in prophylaxis of myocardial infarction2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark40Adrenaline with lignocaine for tooth extraction2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark41Low molecular weight heparin2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark42Aspirin in the secondary prevention of Ischaemic heart disease2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark43Levodopa and Carbidopa in the treatment of Parkinsonism2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark44Atorvastatin in primary hyperlipidaemia.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark45Plasma expanders2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks46Antiplatelet agent2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks47Low molecular weight heparin2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks48Antiplatelet drugs2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks49Oral direct factor Xa inhibitors2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks50Recombinant tissue plasminogen activators2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks51Second generation antihistaminics2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks52Fibrates2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks53HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks54Plasma expanders2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks55Domperidone/Metoclopramide as antiemetic in paediatric population
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks56Parenteral preparations of Iron2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks57Fibrinolytics2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks58Glycopyrrolate/Atropine as a Pre anaesthetic medication
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks59Fibrinolytics2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks60Plasma expanders2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks61Hypolipidaemic drugs2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks62HMG CoA reductase inhibitors2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks63Low molecular weight Heparin/Warfarin as Anticoagulant in pregnancy.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks64Fibrinolytic drugs.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks65Second generation antihistaminics.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks66Loratadine/Chlorpheniramine maleate for Acute Rhinitis in a driver2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks67Fibrinolytic drugs.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks68Antiplatelet agents2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks69Centrally acting alpha-2 receptor agonists.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks70Metoclopramide / Domperidone for vomiting in a Parkinsonism patient on Levo Dopa.
Name the following (Two examples for each) : (8x1=8)2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks71Drugs for treating Malaria.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks72Promethazine / Levocetirizine for a machine operator.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks73Parenteral iron preparation.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks74Drugs used to treat Venous thromboembolism2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (11)
75Heparin.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks76Clopidogrel.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks77Low molecular weight heparin2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks78Clopidogrel2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks79Fibrinolytic drugs2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks80Low molecular weight heparins2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks81Second generation antihistaminic agents2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks82Ezetimibe2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks83Heparin2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks84Atorvastatin2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks85Low dose Aspirin.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (4)
86Heparin overdosage is treated with:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark87Due to her intolerance, the physician decides to initiate parenteral iron therapy to restore her
iron levels effectively. The following iron preparation may be used in her by intravenous
route:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark88The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) that inhibit factor Xa are2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark89Assertion (A): Aspirin is used for its antiplatelet effects to prevent blood clots.
Reason (R): Aspirin inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which decreases thromboxane A2
production, a molecule that promotes platelet aggregation.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark
Cancer Chemotherapy
Cancer Chemotherapy
Short Answers (25)
2Cyclophosphamide.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks3Methotrexate2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks4Alkylating agents and their uses in cancer chemotherapy2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks5Vinca alkaloids2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks6Aromatase inhibitors2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark7Rationale for the use of folinic acid in methotrexate toxicity.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark8Pharmacological basis for the combined use of drugs in cancer chemotherapy.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark9Cell cycle specific anti metabolites2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark10Anti tumor antibiotics2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark11Monoclonal antibodies2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark12Rationale for the use of combination of drugs in cancer chemotherapy2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark13Rationale for the use of folinic acid in methotrexate overdose2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark14Two uses of methotrexate2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark15Antitumor antibiotics2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark16Why mesna is given simultaneously with cyclophosphamide.2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark17Folinic acid along with 5 – fluorouracil2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark18Desferrioxamine in Iron poisoning2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark19MESNA is administered during cyclophosphamide therapy2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark20Methotrexate.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark21Vinca alkaloids in cancer chemotherapy2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks22Folic acid/Folinic acid with methotrexate
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks23Ondanesetron/Metoclopramide in cancer chemotherapy associated vomiting2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks24Folinic acid/folic acid in Methotrexate toxicity2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks25Vinca alkaloids.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks26Folic acid/ Folinic acid to treat Methotrexate toxicity
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks
Short Notes (15)
27Cyclophosphamide2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks28Taxanes in cancer chemotherapy.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks29Vinca alkaloids2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks30Methotrexate2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks31Methotrexate2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks32Methotrexate.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks33Methotrexate2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks34Vinca alkaloids2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks35Cyclophosphamide2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks36Antibiotics used in cancer chemotherapy2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks37Alkylating agents2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks38Vinca alkaloids2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks39Methotrexate2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks40Vinca Alkaloids2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks41Methotrexate2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Essays (17)
1Mr. X, a 65-year-old retired teacher had severe retrosternal chest pain radiating to
shoulder and left arm. He was profusely sweating and his ECG revealed ST elevation
and a diagnosis of Acute Myocardial infarction was made.
(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2(2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks3Ms. X, 50 year attended outpatient’s department with H/o giddiness and headache. Her
blood pressure recording was 160/96 mm Hg. Diagnosis was essential hypertension
(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks4A 65-year-old woman presents with swelling over ankle and feet and over the face in
morning. Weakness, fatigue, cough at night. A diagnosis of moderate heart failure is
made by physician
(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks5A 62-year-old male presents with exertional dyspnea and pedal edema. There is no significant
medical or family history. Physical examination showed the presence of elevated jugular
venous pulse and mild hepatomegaly. Echocardiography showed an ejection fraction of 35%
(normal >50%), suggestive of heart failure.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks6(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 9 marks7Classify drugs used in the treatment of angina pectoris. What is the effect of nitrates on
coronary blood flow. Describe the mechanism of action and any two adverse effects of nitrates.
(2+1+2+1 =6)2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks8A 60-year-old man gives history of chest pain, sweating and breathlessness on brisk
walking, which is relieved on taking rest.
Classify drugs that are useful in this condition.
Explain the mechanism and pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects
of nitrates (2+4)2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks9Classify beta blockers with one example for each. Mention the therapeutic uses and adverse
effects of propranolol (2+2+2=6)2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks10Enumerate β blockers. Explain any six uses and two contraindications of β blockers
(2+3+1=6)2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks11Enumerate five groups of anti- hypertensive drugs with examples of each. Discuss the
mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of any one of them. (2+2+1+1)2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks12Classify antihypertensive drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. (2+2+1+1)2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks13(2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks14Classify antihypertensive. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects
of ACE inhibitors. (3+3)2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks15Classify Antihypertensive drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses
and adverse effects of Amlodipine. (3+3)2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks16A 50 year old man develops pedal edema and also has difficulty in breathing.
Echocardiography confirms mild congestive cardiac failure. Answer the following:2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks17A 50 years old male patient came to hospital with a complaint of breathlessness,
Orthopnoea and swelling of both feet since 10 days. He is a known ischemic heart
disease patient, using aspirin only and not taking the other drugs as prescribed. His
heart rate is 128/mt and his blood pressure is 160/100 mm of Hg. Echocardiogram
shows dilated cardiac chambers.2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Essays (4)
18(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks19Classify Diuretics. Briefly describe Frusemide. (4+4)2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks20(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks21Classify drugs used in hypertension with TWO examples each. Briefly describe any one group with its
mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects (4+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (59)
22Explain the pharmacological basis for using diuretics in hypertension with an example.
Mention two antihypertensives used in pregnancy. (3+1)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks23Pharmacological basis of drugs used in Congestive Cardiac failure2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks24Rationale of combining beta blockers with long acting nitrates2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark25Angina pectoris2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark26Two uses and two adverse effects of calcium channel blockers.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark27Rationale for the use of nitrates in angina pectoris.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark28Drugs for the prophylaxis of angina pectoris2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark29Rationale for use of calcium channel blockers in angina2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark30Nitrates in acute attack of angina.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark31Two uses and two adverse effect of nifedipine.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark32Use of morphine in left ventricular failure2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark33Mechanism of action of nitrates.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark34Calcium channel blockers2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark35Beta blockers in angina2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark36Isosorbidedinitrate2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark37Amlodipine and metoprolol in angina2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark38Morphine in Acute left ventricular failure2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark39Morphine in Acute myocardial infarction2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark40Sodium nitrite in the treatment of Cyanide poisoning2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark41Glyceryl trinitrate.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark42Morphine in Acute left ventricular failure.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark43Supraventricular arrhythmias2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark44Supra ventricular tachycardia.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark45Used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark46Verapamil in paroxysmal supra ventricular tachycardia2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark47Verapamil2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark48Anti hypertensives used in emergencies2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark49Hypertensive emergencies.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark50Prevention of vertical transmission HIV infection2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark51Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark52Hypertensive emergencies.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark53Hypertensive emergency2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark54Rationale for use of dantrolene sodium in malignant hypertension2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark55Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in congestive cardiac failure2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark56Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark57The treatment of cardiac failure.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark58Congestive cardiac failure.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark59Inodilators2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark60Spironolactone in cirrhosis of liver.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark61Frusemide2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark62Furosemide2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark63Enalapril.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark64Spironolactone2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark65Dopamine in Cardiogenic shock.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark66Drugs used for PSVT2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks67Anti anginal agents2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks68Drugs for Paroxysmal Supra Ventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks69Verapamil/Nifedipine in supra ventricular arrhythmias
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks70Oxytocin/Ergometrine in Postpartum Hemorhage (PPH)
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks71Aldosterone antagonists2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks72Nifedipine / Verapamil in hypertension2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks73Enalapril/amlodipine in hypertension with renal failure2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks74Oxytocin/Methylergometrine for induction of labour
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks75Frusemide/Hydrochlorothiazide as antihypertensive
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks76Dopamine/Dobutamine in congestive heart failure
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks77Furosemide/Spironolactone in cirrhosis liver2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks78Oxytocin / Ergometrine for Post-partum haemorrhage2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks79Oxytocin / Methyl ergometrine in Postpartum hemorrhage.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks80Drugs for Hypertensive emergencies2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (16)
81Nicorandil2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks82Calcium channel blockers2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks83Amlodipine2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks84Calcium channel blockers2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks85Propranolol2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks86Ramipril2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks87Sodium nitroprusside2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks88Ramipril2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks89Losartan2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks90Telmisartan2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks91Frusemide2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks92Furosemide2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks93Enalapril2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks94Furosemide.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks95Sodium nitroprusside.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks96Losartan.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (4)
97Assertion (A): Lignocaine is one of the preferred drugs in paroxysmal supraventricular
tachycardia.
Reason (R): Lignocaine is a blocker of inactivated Na+ channels more than that of open
state. It is relatively selective for partially depolarized cells and those with longer action
potential duration.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark98Assertion (A): Quinidine can cause QT prolongation.
Reason (R): Class IA drugs have maximum sodium channel blocking effect.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark99Which of the following drugs can cause QT prolongation2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark100The diuretic employed in refractory edema resistant to thiazide/loop diuretics is:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Essays (15)
1A 29-year employee gradually stopped going out, withdrew socially. He felt guilty,
worthless and tired all time, lost interest in pleasure and sex and had disturbed sleep.
Physician diagnosed him a case of Major depression.
(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks3Classify general anaesthetics. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects
of Halothane. Enumerate four drugs used as pre-anaesthetic medication with its
rationale for use. Discuss the management of Morphine poisoning. (4+3+6+2)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks4Sarala, 28 years old lady was suffering from depression. The physician prescribed
tablet fluoxetine 20mg/day for her. Answer the following:
What is the mechanism of action of fluoxetine.
What is the advantage of this drug compared to tricyclic antidepressants.
What can happen if this patient is administered pethidine concurrently (2+2+2)2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks5A 25-year-old male with symptom of excessive fatigue and lack of sleep was brought to
the clinic. His relatives say that he is socially withdrawn and has made two attempts of
suicide. He was prescribed tab fluoxetine.
Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of fluoxetine.
Classify other drugs useful in the above condition. (3+3)2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks6A 28 years old man, while working on his computer in an IT company, suddenly went
blank, fell down and appeared to be unconscious. He regains consciousness in the
next 5 minutes but was confused and could not remember what happened. When he
consulted a neurologist, he was diagnosed to have absence seizures. Answer the
following:2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks7Enumerate four groups of antiepileptic drugs with examples of each. Mention four newer anti
epileptics. Describe the pharmacological actions, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of any
one of them. (2 + 2+ 2 = 6)2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks8Classify antiepileptic drugs. Describe the mechanism of action and adverse effects of
phenytoin (2+2+2)2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks9Enumerate the newer drugs used in the treatment of epilepsy. Write the mechanism of
action of any two agents. Discuss the line of management of Status Epilepticus.
(2+2+2)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks10Classify antiepileptic drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects
of phenytoin and sodium valproate. List four drugs used in status epilepticus.
(2+3+1)2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks11A one-year-old boy with febrile seizures was brought to the emergency department.
(2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks12A 30-year-old male was brought to the emergency department reporting a sudden
onset of generalised tonic clonic convulsions and fall, in the nearby supermarket. His
blood pressure and electrolytes were found to be normal. A diagnosis of generalised
tonic clonic seizure was made.2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks13Classify Antiepileptic drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and
adverse effects of Sodium Valproate. (3+3)2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks14Enumerate four groups of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Describe the
pharmacological actions and adverse effects of levodopa. What is the advantage of combining
levodopa with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. (2+3+1= 6)2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks15A middle aged man posted for Appendisectomy was given an injection by the ward
nurse before being shifted to the operation theatre. Patient developed dryness of
mouth, difficulty in swallowing and severe thirst.
What is the drug that was injected
Why the drug was given pre-operatively
What are the other drugs which are given pre-operatively (1+2+3)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Essays (5)
16Drugs used to treat Parkinsonism. Describe the Mechanism of action and adverse
effects of levodopa.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks17Compare Inhalational and intravenous general anesthetics (4+4)2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks18(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks19Compare and contrast: chlorpromazine and risperidone. (3+3)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks20Classify general anaesthetics - four groups with two examples. Add a brief note on pre anaesthetic
medication (4+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (73)
21Briefly describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of sodium valproate.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks22Pharmacotherapy of Parkinsonism.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks23Pharmacotherapy of Alcohol dependence.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks24Propofol.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks25Enumerate four objectives of preanesthetic medications along with the drugs used for
achieving the same.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks26Spinal anaesthesia - complications and treatment2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks27Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark28Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark29Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark30Amitriptyline2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark31Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark32Fluoxetine2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark33Status epilepticus.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark34In treatment of absence seizures2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark35Carbamazepine2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark36Phenytoin sodium.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark37Idiopathic parkinsonism2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark38Parkinson’s disease2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark39COMT inhibitors2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark40Bromocriptine2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark41Mention two uses and two adverse effects of chlorpromazine2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark42Haloperidol2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark43Risperidone2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark44Clozapine.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark45Modafinil in night shift workers2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark46Mechanism of action of disulfiram2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark47Treatment of methanol poisoning.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark48Rationale for use of ethanol in methanol poisoning2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark49Explain the pharmacological basis for the use of ethyl alcohol in methanol poisoning.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark50Fomepizole in methanol poisoning2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark51Fomepizole in methanol poisoning2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark52Ethyl alcohol in methyl alcohol poisoning2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark53Ethyl alcohol in Methyl alcohol poisoning.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark54Two intravenous and two inhalational anaesthetics2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark55Pre-anesthetic medication2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark56Intravenous general anesthetics2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark57Pre- anesthetic medication2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark58Ketamine2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark59Mechanism of action of lignocaine2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark60Rationale for the use of adrenaline along with local anesthetics.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark61Mechanism of action of lignocaine.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark62Lignocaine2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark63Relief of somatic pain2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark64Pure opioid antagonists2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark65Opioid antagonist.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark66Opioid antagonists2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark67Tramadol as analgesic2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark68Short acting agents for insomnia.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark69Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks70Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks71Drugs for absence seizures2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks72Phenobarbitone / Carbamazepine in treatment of Trigeminal neuralgia
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks73COMT inhibitor2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks74Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks75COMT inhibitors.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks76Atypical anti psychotics2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks77Atypical antipsychotics.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks78Disulfiram / Fomepizole in methyl alcohol poisoning2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks79Pre anaesthetic medications2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks80Non benzodiazepine hypnotics.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks81Antiepileptic drugs2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks82Drugs used in Absence seizures.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks83Drugs used to treat Schizophrenia2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks84Antipsychotic agents2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks85Drugs used to treat Acute Mania.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks86Drugs used to treat Bipolar illness.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks87Drugs used in bipolar disorder2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks88Antipsychotics.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks89Drugs used in Alzheimer’s disease2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks90Drugs used for Alcohol deaddiction2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks91General anaesthetics used for induction2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks92Drugs used to treat Insomnia2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks93Drugs for Insomnia2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (32)
94Mention SSRI and its advantages.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks95Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks96Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks97Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks98Sertraline.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks99Carbamazepine2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks100Lamotrigine2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks101Valproic acid2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks102Sodium valproate2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks103Phenytoin2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks104Carbamazepine2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks105Sodium valproate2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks106COMT inhibitors.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks107Levodopa2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks108Atypical antipsychotic agents2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks109Name two Atypical antipsychotics. What are the advantages of Atypical antipsychotics
over Typical antipsychotics2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks110Amphetamine2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks111Rationale of ethanol in methanol poisoning.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks112Halothane2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks113Sevoflurane2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks114Propofol2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks115Halothane2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks116Propofol2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks117Propofol.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks118Propofol2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks119Pre anesthetic medication2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks120Halothane2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks121Pre-anaesthetic medication2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks122Tramadol2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks123Diazepam2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks124Diazepam2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks125Diazepam2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Gastrointestinal System
Gastrointestinal System
Essays (4)
1Enumerate Antiemetic drugs. Explain the Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effect of
any one group.
Briefly describe proton pump inhibitors (6+4+5)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Read the case history and answer the following questions. Mr. Raman 32 years has
developed severe epigastric pain after taking tab. Ibuprofen 400mg tds for his joint pain2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks3(2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks4Classify drugs used in treatment of Peptic ulcer. Describe briefly Omeprazole. (3+3)2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Essays (9)
5Describe the uses, adverse effects and contraindications of atropine and atropine
substitutes. (4+2+2)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 10 marks6List three classes of Antiemetics. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of the most effective Antiemetic group. (3+5)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks7(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks8(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks9(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks10Enumerate the drugs used in treatment of Peptic ulcer. Briefly describe any one group.
Write one Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen. (6+2)2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks11Enumerate Antiemetics. Add a brief note on mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of the most
effective group. (3+3)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks12Enumerate two drug groups used to treat peptic ulcer with two examples each. Write the mechanism of
action of both groups. Write one H.pylori eradication regimen (2+2+2)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks13(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 5 marks
Short Answers (48)
14Mention four atropine substitutes with respective clinical indications for the same.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks15Compare and contrast: loperamide and racecadotril.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks16Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks175HT antagonists2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark18Vomiting2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark19Mechanism of action of metoclopramide2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark20Antiemetic agents2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark21Aprepitant2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark22Motion sickness.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark23Cinnarizine2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark24Metoclopramide2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark255HT3 Antagonist (eg. ondansetron) is used in Chemotherapy induced vomiting2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark26Metoclopramide.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark27Metoclopramide in vomiting.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark28Prevention of constipation2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark29Super ORS2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark30Irritable bowel syndrome.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark31Stimulant laxatives2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark32Lactulose in Hepatic encephalopathy2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark33Omeprazole is used in peptic ulcer – State reason2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark34H.Pylori infection2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark35H2 blockers2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark36Comment on the interaction between itraconazole and omeprazole.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark37GERD.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark38Peptic ulcer2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark39Proton pump inhibitors2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark40Triple drug regimen in helicobacter pylori infection2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark41Sucralfate in gastric ulcer2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark42Lansoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin in H. pylori infection2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark43Esomeprazole2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark44Antiemetics2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks45Ondansetron/Domperidone in chemotherapy induced vomiting.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks46Anti-secretory agents in diarrhea2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks47Laxatives2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks48Newer insulins2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks49Stimulant purgatives2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks50Antimotility drugs used in nonspecific diarrhoeas2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks51Laxatives2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks52Drugs given for constipation2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks53Proton pump inhibitors2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks54Ranitidine/cimetidine is used in Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks55Scopolamine/Cetirizine for motion sickness
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks56Prokinetic agents.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks57Laxative agents.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks58Antidiarrhoeal agents2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks59Drugs to treat Constipation2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks60Stimulant laxatives2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks61Non systemic antacids.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (18)
62Aprepitant2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks63Ondansetron2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks64Domperidone2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks65Metoclopramide2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks66Metoclopramide2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks67Ondansetron2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks68Proton pump inhibitors2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks69Proton pump inhibitors2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks70Rabeprazole.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks71Proton pump inhibitors.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks72Peptic ulcer protective agents2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks73Omeprazole2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks74Proton pump inhibitors2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks75H2 blockers2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks76Lansoprazole2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks77Anti Helicobacter Pylori Drugs2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks78Omeprazole2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks79Pantoprazole.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (6)
80Assertion (A): Lactulose is used in hepatic encephalopathy.
Reason (R): Lactulose is neither digested not absorbed in the small intestine, therefore retains water
and produces soft formed stools by osmotic action.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark81Octreotide is a long acting synthetic analogue of:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark82The following is the right composition of oral rehydration solution as per WHO standard formula:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark83Which anti-diarrhoeal drug acts by inhibiting intestinal motility via opioid receptors2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark84The drugs widely preferred to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark85Which of the following classes of drugs is most commonly used as the first-line pharmacologic treatment
for GERD2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark
General Pharmacology
General Pharmacology
Essays (20)
1A male labourer aged 27 years was brought to the emergency department
with signs and symptoms of rapid and shallow breathing, headache, vertigo, severe
abdominal pain, dyspnea, motor incoordination, and slurred speech. He had a history of
consuming illicit liquor 8 hours before he was brought to the emergency department. He
was conscious and complained of blurred vision, fatigue and palpitation. On examination,
he was found to have moderate retinal edema and blurring of the disc without any
change in the fields of vision.
(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Classify Opioid analgesics. Write the pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, adverse
effects and contraindications of Morphine. (4+3+3+3+2)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks3A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents to the emergency
department with crushing chest pain radiating to his left arm, suggestive of acute myocardial
infarction (AMI). He is anxious, and his pain is rated as 9/10. The patient is stabilized with
oxygen and other supportive measures but his chest pain persists.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks4Define Pharmacodynamics. Explain the various factors modifying drug action with examples. (2+8)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks5A 55-year-old male patient was recently diagnosed as suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma with
metastases to bone. He complains of severe, excruciating pain in the abdomen and spine. He has
complained of sleeplessness and mood swings for the past one month. The oncologist prescribes him
an opioid analgesic drug to relieve his pain and also induce sleep and reduce apprehension of pain.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks6List the various routes of drug administration with suitable examples. Write the merits
and demerits of Intravenous route of drug administration. (3+3)2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks7Define a receptor. Discuss the various transducer mechanisms by which the receptors
act. (1+5)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks8A 24year old man is brought to the hospital with complaints of unconsciousness , sustained
contractions (toni2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks9Read the case history and answer the following questions. Mr.George aged 45 years was
on maintenance dose of warfarin 5 mg /day for his ischaemic heart disease. Subsequently
he developed joint pains for which he was administered tab. aspirin 300mg thrice daily after
food. One week later he was brought to casualty in a state of shock due to severe
haemetemesis.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks10Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions: A 28 years old woman
having two children wanted to follow a contraceptive method. Patient was advised to take
oral contraceptive pills. She is a known case of pulmonary tuberculosis for which she is on
Rifampicin 450mg. INH300mg and ethambutol 300mg per day.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks11Read the clinical problem and answer the following question: Master. Vijay, 12 years had
severe fever for the past 3 days and he was under treatment with antibiotics and analgesics.
He developed severe pain in the stomach after taking the analgesics and he was admitted to
the Hospital for severe gastritis2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks12Read the case history and answer the following questions. A 25 years old man had a gradual
onset of delusions and auditory hallucinations. He was taken to a psychiatrist who started
him on tab. haloperidol 2mg twice daily. A few weeks later although he improved clinically he
developed stiffness and rigidity of upper and lower limbs.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks13Classify NSAIDs. Mention the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of salicylates. (2+2+2=6)2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks14What should be the line of management of hypertension in this patient
(2+2+2)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks15Mrs. Mala aged 30 is a known epileptic was on treatment with Tab. Phenytoin for the
past 3 yrs. She was taking oral contraceptive pills for the last 6 months. She did not
get her menstrual cycle for the past 2 months. On investigation, her pregnancy was
confirmed
What is the therapeutic problem
Why she became pregnant in spite of taking oral contraceptive pills
Name 2 other drugs which will have problems with phenytoin.
Add a note on emergency contraception. (1+2+1+2)2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks1619 yrs old Saravanan was admitted to the emergency ward with the history of
consumption of poison after love failure. On admission, he had profuse sweating,
excess salivation, laboured breathing & pinpoint pupil. He had thrown convulsion once.
His pulse rate was 45-50/mt.
What is your probable diagnosis
What is the line of management
What are the specific antidotes. How they are useful. (1+2+1+2)2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks17Read the case history and answer the following questions: A 25 years old lady
reported to the hospital with complaints of low grade fever since 10 days and
weakness, fatigue, cough & expectoration since one month. Sputum was found to be
positive for AFB and X-ray chest showed fibrotic changes in the left upper lobe.
(2+2+2)
What is the treatment regimen to be followed for the patient
Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Rifampicin
What would you advise if the lady was pregnant2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks18Name two selective and two nonselective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors.
Enumerate four uses of aspirin along with the dose required. Describe the adverse
effects and drug interactions of aspirin. (2+2+2)2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks19Explain the factors modifying drug action. Briefly describe newer drug delivery systems
(3+3)2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks20A drug addict is found in a state of stupor with flaccidity of muscles, shallow breathing,
fall in BP and pinpoint pupils. A diagnosis of Morphine overdose is made.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Essays (15)
21Define plasma half-life and give two examples of drugs with very short half
life. Define therapeutic index and give two examples each for drugs with high and low
therapeutic index". (4+4)4. Classify drugs used to treat Parkinsonism with one example from each group2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 10 marks22Briefly describe kinetics of elimination. Add a note on factors modifying drug action.
(4+4)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks23Briefly describe drug biotransformation. Describe microsomal enzyme induction. (4+4)2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks24Discuss the factors modifying drug action. Describe the clinical importance of plasma
protein binding of drugs. (4+4)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks25(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks26Factors modifying drug action.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks27Explain chemoprophylaxis with examples. Write two different HIV prophylaxis regimens.
(4+4)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks28(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks29Enumerate opioid receptors. Write the uses, adverse effects and contra indications for
Morphine. Briefly describe the management of Morphine poisoning. (1+5+2)2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks30(2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks31Define bioavailability. What are the factors that affect bioavailability of drugs (1+5)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks32Name three drug groups with two examples each used in treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.
Briefly describe DMARD (3+3)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks33After injecting succinylcholine I.V. to have muscle relaxation during a surgical procedure, a patient
developed prolonged apnoea. What could be the probable cause. What is the management for the
above condition. (2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks34Classify the drugs used in Gout. Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Allopurinol.
(2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks35Enumerate the iron preparations and add a note on the indications of parenteral iron therapy. (3+3)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (120)
36Briefly describe enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition with suitable examples.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks37Briefly describe kinetics of elimination.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks38Contra indications and drug interactions of oral contraceptive pills.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks39Management of Iron poisoning.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks40Pharmacological management of Opium (Morphine) dependence.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks41Anxiety disorders.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks42Pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid arthritis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks43Treatment of organophosphorous poisoning.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks44Pharmacotherapy of Anaphylactic shock with rationale for use of each drug.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks45Pharmacological basis of Adrenaline in Anaphylactic shock.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks46Fixed drug combination of drugs2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks47Enumerate four factors that modify drug action giving suitable examples for each.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks48Describe the role of autonomy, beneficence and justice as guiding principles in patient care.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks49Discuss the types of communication and its importance in Health care settings.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks50Discuss the role of empathy in patient care.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks51Drugs administered by inhalation route.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark52New drug delivery systems.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark53Two advantages and two disadvantages of i.v. route of drug administration.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark54Parenteral iron preparations2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark55Available as transdermal patch2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark56Sublingual administration of drugs2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark57Drug induced parkinsonism2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark58Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark59Dimercaprol2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark60Mention two differences between tetracycline and doxycycline2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark61Comment on the drug interaction produced by sulfonylureas and salicylates.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark62Hofmann elimination2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark63What is a pro drug and mention two examples2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark64Enzyme inducers2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark65Chemical antagonism with one example.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark66Plasma half life and its clinical relevance.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark67Dipivefrine2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark68Pro drugs2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark69Low dose ritonavir2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark70Oral anticoagulants2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark71Atracurium2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark72Causing peripheral neuritis2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark73Imipenem with cilastatin2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark74Imipenem and cilastatin2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark75Ritonavir in low doses in various Anti retroviral regimes2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark76Discuss the rationale for the use of adrenaline in anaphylactic shock2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark77Name the antidote in poisoning due to paracetamol and methanol2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark78Anaphylactic shock.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark79Adverse effects of metoclopramide2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark80Rationale for use of frusemide in acute pulmonary edema2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark81Mention the antidote in over dosage of morphine2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark82Two advantages of human insulin2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark83Rationale for the combined use of aluminium and magnesium salts in antacid preparations.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark84Immunotherapy for Rh negative woman with Rh positive baby2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark85Teratogenecity with one example.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark86Pharmacovigilance2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark87Anti malignancy drugs producing gouty arthritis2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark88Explain why morphine is contraindicated in patients with head injury.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark89Young’s formula.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark90Causing teratogenicity2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark91Febrile convulsions in a child aged six years.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark92Two uses and two adverse effects of morphine.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark93Teratogenicity2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark94Idiosyncrasy2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark95Comment on the interactions produced by oral contraceptive pills and rifampicin.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark96Rationale for use of methadone in morphine dependence therapy2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark97Tachyphylaxis. Give examples2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark98Clonidine2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark99Chloroquine2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark100Diazepam2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark101Allopurinol2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark102Allopurinol2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark103Furosemide in acute pulmonary edema2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark104Adrenaline in anaphylactic shock2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark105Morphine2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark106Clonidine2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark107Morphine2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark108Levamisole2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark109Tapering dose of Glucocorticoids after prolonged therapy rather than stopping it
abruptly2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark110Heparin2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark111Warfarin2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark112Mebendazole2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark113Methotrexate in Rheumatoid arthritis.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark114Magnesium hydroxide and Aluminium hydroxide combination as antacid2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark115Transdermal patch2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks116Potassium channel openers2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks117Potassium channel openers2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks118Microsomal enzyme inducers2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks119HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks120Anti-fungal azole derivative2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks121Atypical neuroleptics2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks122Glibenclamide/Glipizide in elderly patients2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks123Prodrugs2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks124Conventional Amphotericin B/ Liposomal Amphotericin B in Visceral leishmaniasis.
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks125Prodrugs.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks126Thiazides / Spironolactone in patients using Lisinopril
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks127Naloxone / Nalbuphine in morphine poisoning2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks128Orphan drugs2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks129Naloxone/Methadone in morphine addiction2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks130Colchicine/Allopurinol in Acute Gout
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks131Methotrexate / Cisplatin in choriocarcinoma
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks132DMARD’S2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks133Immunomodulators2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks134Labetalol/Losartan in Pregnancy induced hypertension2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks135Diazepam/ Phenobarbitone as Hypnotic.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks136Combined oral contraceptive pill/ mini pill (progesterone only pill) in a lactating
mother
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks137Rifabutin/ Rifampicin in Tuberculosis in AIDS patients.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks138Drugs used to treat Vertigo2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks139Drugs administered transdermally.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks140Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks141Microsomal enzyme inhibitors2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks142Prodrugs.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks143Drugs having high first pass metabolism2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks144Drugs used in Rheumatoid arthritis2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks145Cotrimoxazole / Cephalexin in prophylaxis of recurrent cystitis in pregnancy
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks146Tetracycline/Amoxicillin n pharyngitis for a 5-year-old child2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks147Drugs causing tachyphylaxis2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks148Immuno stimulants.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks149Drugs used to treat Morphine poisoning.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks150Adrenaline/Noradrenaline in Anaphylactic shock2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks151Alpha Methyl Dopa / Losartan in pregnancy induced hypertension.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks152Ampicillin /Ciprofloxacin in urinary tract infection in a pregnant lady.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks153Colchicine/Allopurinol for the treatment of Acute gout
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks154Drugs with low therapeutic index.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks155Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (35)
156Trans dermal therapeutic system2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks157Special drug delivery systems2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks158Advantages and disadvantages of intravenous route of drug administration2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks159Transdermal drug delivery system.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks160Drug antagonism.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks161Drug antagonism2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks162G-protein coupled receptors2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks163Drug antagonism2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks164Drug Antagonism2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks165Drug antagonism.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks166Microsomal enzyme induction2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks167Kinetics of elimination2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks168Plasma half-life2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks169Adverse effects of oral contraceptives2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks170First pass metabolism.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks171Bioavailability.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks172Desferrioxamine2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks173Plasma half life2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks174Apparent volume of distribution2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks175First pass metabolism2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks176Insulin Glargine2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks177Pharmacogenetics2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks178Plasma half life2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks179Plasma half life2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks180Define half life of a drug and give its clinical significance2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks181Interferon alfa2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks182Therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks183Uses of glucocorticoids2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks184Uses of chloroquine2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks185Physiological antagonism.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks186Treatment of smoking cessation2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks187Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of morphine and its congeners2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks188Morphine2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks189Paracetamol2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks190Morphine – therapeutic uses and adverse effects2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (39)
191Assertion (A): Nitroglycerine is administered by sublingual route in acute attack of angina
pectoris.
Reason (R): Nitroglycerine has high oral bioavailability2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark192Substances that precipitate superficial surface proteins without penetrating the cells and toughen the skin
making it mechanically stronger and decrease exudation are called:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark193Assertion (A): Allopurinol can precipitate acute gout.
Reason (R): Inhibition of uric acid synthesis mobilizes tissue store of uric acid in to plasma.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark194Assertion (A): Propranolol is often used to manage symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
Reason (R): Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that reduces the symptoms of hyperthyroidism
by blocking the effects of excessive thyroid hormones on the heart.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark195Assertion (A): Beta-2 agonists, such as salbutamol, are used to treat asthma.
Reason (R): Beta-2 agonists work by stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors on bronchial smooth
muscles, causing bronchodilation.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark196Select the CORRECT statement regarding protein binding of drugs:
1. Protein bound drug is not available for action.
2. Highly plasma protein bound drugs tend to have high volume of distribution.
3. Highly protein bound drugs are generally long acting.
4. Basic drugs are generally bound to albumin.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark197The following insulin is preferred to be given intravenously in diabetic ketoacidosis:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark198The following statements about iron kinetics is FALSE:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark199The factor which does not govern the volume of distribution of a drug is2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark200The WRONGLY paired drug and its influence on thyroid function is:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark201Assertion (A): Azathioprine dose is decreased with Allopurinol.
Reason (R): Azathioprine and allopurinol cause bone marrow suppression.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark202The Dopamine agonists used to treat Parkinson’s disease are:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark203The antihistaminic drug banned due to the deaths caused by Torsades de pointes is2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark204Which of the following diuretics are used to treat hyperaldosteronism2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark205The drug safe in pregnancy2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark206The following drugs promote gastrointestinal transit and speed up gastric emptying by enhancing
coordinated propulsive (prokinetic) activity:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark207The following opioid is contraindicated in myocardial infarction as an analgesic due to its
sympathomimetic properties:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark208The following are the examples of idiosyncrasy:
1. Chloramphenicol producing aplastic anemia
2. Aspirin producing gastric irritation
3. INH producing hepatotoxicity
4. Atypical pseudocholinesterase resulting in succinylcholine apnea2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark209All of the following are adverse effects of oral iron therapy EXCEPT:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark210The adverse effects of following antimicrobials are WRONGLY paired:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark211The guide for calculating the dose of parenteral iron is:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark212The following anthelmintics are effective against Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugiya malayi acting as
microfilaricidal:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark213The following statements concerning the use of lithium in the management of bipolar
affective disorder is TRUE:
1. Excessive intake of sodium chloride enhances the toxicity of lithium
2. Lithium alleviates the manic phase of bipolar disorder in 24 hours
3. Lithium dosage may need to be reduced in patients taking diuretics
4. Lithium has narrow margin of safety and requires therapeutic drug monitoring2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark214The ability of a drug to cause fetal abnormalities when administered to a pregnant lady is
referred to as:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark215The following anticancer drugs are purine antagonists:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark216Assertion (A): Levodopa is combined with carbidopa.
Reason (R): Levodopa-carbidopa combination reduces involuntary movements and postural
hypotension.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark217The primary mechanism of action of H2-receptor antagonists in the treatment of GERD is2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark218The known side effect of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark219Which is the diuretic of choice in treatment of acute congestive glaucoma2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark220The adrenergic antagonists used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark221The anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy is:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark222The drug preferred as an adjunctive therapy in GERD by accelerating gastric emptying is2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark223Which of the following is a potential side effect of the use of prostaglandin analogues like latanoprost2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark224Which of the following is the most common adverse effect of long-term use of oral contraceptives2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark225Assertion (A): Sulphonamide’s can cause kernicterus in newborns.
Reason (R): Drugs with low plasma protein binding can cause hemolysis.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark226The anticancer agents causing renal toxicity as adverse effect are:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark227Mr. Taylor’s symptoms are poorly controlled with over-the-counter antacids. Which of the following is the
most appropriate next step in his treatment2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Case) · 1 mark228Which drugs are used as part of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in HIV exposure2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (Multi) · 1 mark229Assertion (A): Bedaquiline is used along with clofazimine in XDR TB.
Reason (R): Two drugs acting on same target can antagonize each other.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark
Hormones and Related Drugs
Hormones and Related Drugs
Essays (25)
1(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks2Classify Oral antidiabetic drugs. Discuss in detail any one group. Describe briefly Human
insulin. Discuss the management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis. (4+3+4+4)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 15 marks3A 30 year old female with systemic lupus erythamatosis was given prednisolone 40 mg/day2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks4During routine medical check-up a 50-year male office executive with sedentary lifestyle was diagnosed to
have developed type 2 diabetes mellitus. His fasting and post-meal blood glucose was 130 mg/dl and 190
mg/dl respectively, HbA1C was 7.8%, BP was 130/82 mm Hg and body mass index was 24 kg/m2. He
was asymptomatic and investigations revealed no end organ damage. He was advised suitable diet,
exercise and other lifestyle modifications.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks5(2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks6A 30-year-old female patient with complaints of restlessness, excessive sweating visits a
physician. On investigation, patient was having high levels of free T3/T4 and very low TSH
levels. A diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was made.
(2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 10 marks7A 60 year old lady is suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and has been prescribed
prednisolone. Answer the following:2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks8Classify corticosteroids. Describe the uses and adverse effects of glucocorticoids
(2+2+2)2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks9Classify oral anti diabetic drugs and explain the mechanism of action of any two
groups. Mention one insulin analog and list one advantage of it over conventional
insulin (2+3+1=6)2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks10A 25years old insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patient develops sweating, anxiety,
palpitations and tremors after performing vigorous exercise. Answer the following:2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks11Classify oral hypoglycemic agents. Explain the mechanism of action and adverse
effects of any one group. (2+2+2)2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks12Classify oral hypoglycemic drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and side
effects of sulfonylureas. (2+2+1+1)2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks13Enumerate the newer insulin analogues. What is the advantage of using insulin
analogues over conventional insulin. How will you manage insulin resistance. (2+2+2)2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks14Classify Oral Anti diabetic drugs. Describe the mechanism of action,
therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Metformin.
(2+2+1+1)2. A 30 years old male patient admitted to hospital with a complaint of fever with chills
since 5 days. Severe headache and yellowish discolouration of conjunctiva present.
He is drowsy and irritable. Peripheral smear shows gametocytes of plasmodium
falciparum. He is using chloroquine since onset of fever but fever not subsided.2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks15Classify Oral anti diabetic drugs. Write the MOA and adverse effects of sulfonyl
urea. (2+2+2)2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks16A 52-year-old patient visits his doctor with complaints of increased frequency of
urination, increased hunger and thirst. His fasting blood sugar was 150mg/dl
Postprandial blood sugar was 230mg/dl, HbA1c was 8%. A diagnosis of Type 2
diabetes was made….2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks17A 68year old female patient, complains of easy fatigability for past 6 months. Routine
checkup showed her fasting blood glucose level to be 168 mg/dL, glycosylated
hemoglobin (HbA12025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks18A 30 years old pregnant woman attended to hospital with a complaint of sudden onset
of swelling of right leg and tenderness over calf. Venous Doppler of right leg suggestive
of presence of a large thrombus in leg veins.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks19What are the different types of oral contraceptive pills available. Describe the
mechanism of action and adverse effects of combined oral contraceptive pills.(2+2+2)2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks20A 35 years old woman came with complaints of heat intolerance, retraction of upper eyelid
and menstrual irregularities. Her T3 , T4 , FT4 & FT3 are elevated while TSH is suppressed.
Answer the following:2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks21Classify antithyroid drugs. Write the advantages and disadvantages of using
radioactive Iodine. (2+2+2)2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks22Classify Thyroid inhibitor drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, and adverse
effects of carbimazole. Explain the role of iodides in hyperthyroidism. (2+2+2)2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks23(2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks24A 32years old woman, presented with complaints of weight loss, palpitations,
sweating, irregular menses and occasional tremors of hands since 2-3 months.
Clinical examination revealed a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland and blood tests
showed decreased TSH. She was started on medication for Grave’s disease.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks25A recently married woman comes to your clinic with complaints of calf tenderness.
She says she has been using a tablet for preventing pregnancy.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 4 marks
Short Essays (10)
26Corticosteroids.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks27Describe the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Corticosteroids. (4+4)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks28Glucocorticosteroids2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks29(2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks30(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks31Classify bisphosphonates. Explain in detail on the mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of bisphosphonates2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks32Compare Radioactive Iodine and Carbimazole.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks33Enumerate Four glucocorticoids. Explain the measures to minimize hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis
suppression. Discuss two other adverse drug reactions of glucocorticoid therapy. (2+3+1)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks34A 60-year-old lady presents with back pain and in the legs. She also complains of a recent fracture in the
right wrist joint. After investigation, the physician made a diagnosis of Osteoporosis. She was prescribed
Alendronate. Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Alendronate. (4+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks35Classify uterine stimulants and relaxants with suitable examples. Explain the rationale for the
use of oxytocin in prevention of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). (4+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (103)
36Explain the adverse effects and role of inhaled steroids in Bronchial asthma.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks37Metformin.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks38Classify insulins according to the duration of action giving suitable examples.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks39Enumerate insulin analogues and tabulate their pharmacokinetic characteristics.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks40Uses of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks41Briefly describe combined Oral Contraceptive Pills. Add a note on emergency
contraception. (3+1)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks42(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks43Pharmacological basis for the use of Tamoxifen in Carcinoma Breast.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks44Classify the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) and explain the
pharmacological basis of their clinical indications.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks45Mention two anabolic steroids. Enumerate the uses and adverse effects of anabolic steroids.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks46Enumerate SERMs. Write in detail about any one member. (2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks47Treatment of thyrotoxic crisis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks48Pharmacotherapy of Thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks49Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Radio active iodine.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks50Mechanism of action of hydrocortisone2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark51Prednisolone2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark52Prednisolone.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark53Longest acting insulin given as once daily dose2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark54Peroxysome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonists2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark55Insulin analogues2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark56Insulin used in diabetic ketoacidosis2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark57Metformin2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark58Metformin2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark59Metformin2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark60List two advantages of low molecular weight heparin over standard heparin2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark61Osteoporosis.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark62Bisphosphonates2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark63Treatment of Paget’s disease2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark64Mention two important uses and adverse effects of glucocorticoids.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark65Treatment of osteoporosis2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark66Alendronate in osteoporosis management2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark67Uterine relaxants2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark68Uterine stimulants2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark69Rationale for the combination of oestrogen and progesterone in OCPs.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark70Tocolytics2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark71Selective estrogen receptor modulators2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark72Rationale of estrogen in hormone replacement therapy2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark73Two uses and two adverse effects of oral contraceptive pills2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark74Selective estrogen receptor modulators2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark75Uterine stimulants2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark76Centchroman2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark77Treatment of Female Infertility.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark78Anabolic steroids2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark79Uterine relaxants2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark80Ovulation inhibitors2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark81Raloxifene2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark82Letrozole in early breast cancer2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark83Letrozole in breast cancer after surgery2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark84Mifepristone in termination of pregnancy2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark85Clomiphene citrate.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark86Combination of Oestrogen and Progesterone in Oral contraceptive pills2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark87Raloxifene is used in the treatment of Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark88Two uses of bromocriptine2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark89Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark90Oxytocin for induction of labour2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark91Antithyroid drugs2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark92Drug used in thyrotoxic crisis2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark93Thyrotoxic crisis.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark94Anti thyroid drugs2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark95Anti- thyroid drugs safe during pregnancy2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark96Anti-thyroid drugs2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark97Explain the use of propranolol in thyrotoxicosis.2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark98Radioactive iodine2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark99Lugol’s Iodine is given for 10 days prior to thyroidectomy surgery for Grave’s
disease.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark100Use of Propranolol in Thyrotoxic crisis.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark101Propylthiouracil2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark102Drugs for psoriasis2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks103Drugs used in inflammatory bowel disease2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks104Drugs acting through nuclear receptors2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks105Drugs used in Psoriasis2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks106Regular / Lente insulin in diabetic ketoacidosis
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks107Short acting insulin analogues2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks108Long acting Insulin analogues2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks109Short acting Insulin analogues2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks110Bisphosphonates2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks111Bisphosphonates used in postmenopausal Osteoporosis.2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks112Bisphosphonates.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks113Bisphosphonates2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks114Topical steroids2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks115Antiestrogens2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks116Combined pill/Mini pill as oral contraception
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks117Selective estrogen receptor modulators2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks118Anabolic steroids2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks119Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM)2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks120Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks121Oxytocin/Ergometrine in Induction of labour2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks122Oxytocin/Methylergometrine to induce Labour.
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks123Antithyroid drugs2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks124Propylthiouracil / Carbimazole for treatment of Thyroid storm2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks125Long acting Insulin analogs2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks126Metformin/Sitagliptin for insulin resistance in a diabetic patient.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks127Drugs for treating Osteoporosis.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks128Drugs used for osteoporosis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks129Vitamin D preparations2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks130Anti-progestins2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks131Anabolic steroids.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks132Antioestrogens.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks133Drugs for Emergency contraception2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks134Anabolic steroids2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks135Prolactin inhibitors2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks136Uterine relaxants2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks137Oxytocin / Ergometrine for Induction of Labour.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks138Uterine Relaxants2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (28)
139Adverse effects of glucocorticoids2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks140Inhaled corticosteroids2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks141Therapeutic uses of corticosteroids2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks142Therapeutic uses of Corticosteroids2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks143Adverse effects of Corticosteroids2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks144Insulin analogues.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks145Insulin analogs2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks146Alpha glucosidase inhibitors2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks147Sulfonylureas in type II diabetes mellitus.2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks148Vildagliptin2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks149Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks150Short acting insulin analogues2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks151Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 inhibitors2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks152Newer Insulins2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks153Bisphosphonates2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks154Bisphosphonates2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks155Bisphosphonates2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks156Mifepristone2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks157Serious adverse effects produced by oral contraceptive pills2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks158Clomiphene citrate.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks159Post coital contraceptives2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks160Clomiphene citrate2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks161Raloxifene2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks162Clomiphene citrate.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks163Anti thyroid drugs2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks164Radioactive Iodine2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks165Carbimazole2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks166Radioactive Iodine2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (3)
167Assertion (A): Sildenafil is used in male sexual dysfunction.
Reason (R): Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor causes accumulation of cGMP and marked
potentiation of actions of nitric oxide.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark168Methimazole acts by:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark169The preferred drug for her is:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Miscellaneous Drugs
Miscellaneous Drugs
Short Essays (2)
Short Answers (41)
4d-penicillamine2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks5Write briefly on chelating agents.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks6Monoclonal antibodies and their uses2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks7Antiseptics2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark8What is an antiseptic and mention two examples2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark9Rheumatoid arthritis2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark10Chelating agents2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark11Penicillamine2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark12Penicillamine in Wilson’s disease2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark13Treatment of acne vulgaris2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark14Treatment of acne vulgaris2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark15Calcipotriol2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark16Immunosuppressive in organ transplantation2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark17Calcineurin inhibitors2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark18Live attenuated vaccines2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark19Drugs causing haemolytic anemia in glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency patients2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark20Antiseptics2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks21Iron chelating agents2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks22Antidote for iron poisoning2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks23Chelating agents2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks24Antiscabies agents.2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks25Drugs for scabies2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks26Drugs used in scabies2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks27Anti scabies agents2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks28Immunosuppressants2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks29Drugs for prevention of rejection of organ transplantation2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks30Killed vaccines2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks31Viral vaccines2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks32Water soluble vitamins2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks33Fat soluble vitamins.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks34Fat soluble vitamins2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks35Chelating agents.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks36Drugs for treating Lead poisoning.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks37Topical preparations for Scabies2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks38Topical preparations for Acne vulgaris2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks39Drugs for Scabies.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks40Topical agents used for Acne vulgaris2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks41Cytokine inhibitors.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks42Cyclosporine / Sirolimus for graft rejection reaction in Renal failure patient.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks43Drugs to treat Irritable bowel disease2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks44Calcineurin inhibitors2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (5)
45Chelating agents2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks46Chelating agents2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks47Cyclosporine2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks48Tacrolimus2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks49Cyclosporine2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Multiple Choice Questions (2)
50Suppose this lady develops acute iron poisoning, the therapy which can be given is:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark51Assertion (A): Cyclosporine is used as a part of induction regimen to prevent organ transplant rejection.
Reason (R): Cyclosporine inhibits TNFα secreted by activated macrophages and other immune cells.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · MCQ · 1 mark
Renal Pharmacology
Renal Pharmacology
Short Essays (2)
1Compare the Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Thiazides and Loop
diuretics.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks2Enumerate three drug groups with two examples each for treating chronic simple glaucoma.
Write the mechanism of action of all three groups. (3+3)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Notes (9)
4Furosemide.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks5Mechanism of action of loop diuretics.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks6Furosemide.2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks7Spironolactone2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks8Furosemide2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks9Furosemide2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks10Potassium sparing diuretics2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks11Mannitol2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks12Thiazide diuretics.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Short Answers (15)
13Cerebral edema.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark14Ototoxic diuretics.2015 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark15Potassium sparing diuretics2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark16Treatment of acute glaucoma2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark17Uricosuric agent2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark18Potassium sparing diuretics2018 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark19Acetazolamide2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark20Potassium channel openers2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark21Spironolactone/ Amiloride in lithium induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks22Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks23Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in glaucoma2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks24Aldosterone antagonist.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks25Uricosuric agents.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks26Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used to treat glaucoma2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks27Osmotic diuretics.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Short Essays (3)
1Enumerate four drug groups used in treatment of Bronchial asthma with its rationale for
use. Enumerate two drug groups used to treat cough. (6+2)2022 February (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 10 marks2(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 8 marks3Mention four groups of antiasthmatic drugs giving two examples each. How will you treat a
case of acute severe exacerbation of bronchial asthma. (4+2)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (28)
4Pharmacological management of Bronchial Asthma.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 4 marks5Mucolytics2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark6Mention two uses and two adverse effects of fluconazole2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark7Mucolytics2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark8Inhalational steroids2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark9Acute severe asthma.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark10Leukotriene antagonists2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark11Mucolytics2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark12Salbutamol2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark13Leukotriene antagonist2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks14Montelukast / Salbutamol in acute bronchial asthma2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks15Mucolytics2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks16Salbutamol / Salmeterol in acute attack of bronchial asthma
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks17Mucolytic agents2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks18Antitussives2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks19Anticholinergic bronchodilators2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks20Mucolytics2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks21Dextromethorphan/Ambroxol for suppressing dry cough2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks22Mucolytics2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks23Bronchodilator2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks24Salbutamol / Sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of acute attack of Bronchial asthma2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks25Mucolytics2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks26Prednisolone/Fluticasone in bronchial asthma.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks27Xanthine oxidase inhibitors2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks28Drugs used in productive cough2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks29Codein / Bromhexine in dry cough.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks30Inhaled steroids in Bronchial Asthma2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks31Mucolytics.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Short Notes (4)
32Bronchodilators2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks33Ipratropium bromide2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks34Treatment of Status Asthmaticus2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks35Salbutamol2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Note · 3 marks
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Essays (2)
2Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions: 30 years old man was admitted
in emergency ward with acute abdominal pain. After diagnosed with acute appendicitis, he was
taken for surgery. On the operation table, after administration of a skeletal muscle relaxant,
patient developed difficulty in breathing and went in for apnoea.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks3Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions: A 50 years old man was
administered succinylcholine for endotracheal intubation. The patient developed
prolonged muscle paralysis and apnea. (2+2+2)
What could be the cause of apnea in this patient
How will you treat the apnea
Name two muscle relaxants that you can use in this patient in future2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Essay · 6 marks
Short Answers (19)
5Flumazenil2013 April (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark6Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark7Mechanism of action of diazepam2014 March (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark8Mechanism of action of dantrolene sodium.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark9Centrally acting muscle relaxants2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark10Mechanism of action of pancuronium.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark11Mechanism of action of diazepam.2016 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark12Uses of diazepam2017 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark13Competitive neuromuscular blockers2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark14Dantrolene in malignant hyperthermia2019 February (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark15d-Tubocurarine2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark16Diazepam2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark17Dantrolene sodium in malignant hyperthermia2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark18Diazepam2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark19Dantrolene in malignant hyperthermia.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 1 mark20Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks21Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.3 marks22Skeletal muscle relaxants2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks23Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · Short Answer · 0.2 marks
Paper I
34 Sessions
Paper II
34 Sessions
2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs. List the uses of NSAIDs. Mention four
differences between aspirin and celicoxib. (2+2+2=6)6 marks2A 50 year old man develops pedal edema and also has difficulty in breathing.
Echocardiography confirms mild congestive cardiac failure. Answer the following:6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
8Mention two uses and two adverse effects of chlorpromazine1 marks9Discuss the rationale for the use of adrenaline in anaphylactic shock1 marks10Mechanism of action of lignocaine1 marks11What is a pro drug and mention two examples1 marks12List two advantages of low molecular weight heparin over standard heparin1 marks
Name two drugs for8
13Bronchodilators (of two different groups)1 marks14Non sedative antihistamines1 marks15Angina pectoris1 marks16Cardio selective beta blockers1 marks17Two intravenous and two inhalational anaesthetics1 marks18Anti hypertensives used in emergencies1 marks19Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants1 marks20Name the antidote in poisoning due to paracetamol and methanol1 marks
2013 April (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 180 min
Essays2
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify beta blockers with one example for each. Mention the therapeutic uses and adverse
effects of propranolol (2+2+2=6)6 marks2Read the case history and answer the following questions. Mr.George aged 45 years was
on maintenance dose of warfarin 5 mg /day for his ischaemic heart disease. Subsequently
he developed joint pains for which he was administered tab. aspirin 300mg thrice daily after
food. One week later he was brought to casualty in a state of shock due to severe
haemetemesis.6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
8Rationale for the use of adrenaline along with local anesthetics.1 marks9Two uses and two adverse effects of calcium channel blockers.1 marks10Mechanism of action of dantrolene sodium.1 marks11Rationale for the use of nitrates in angina pectoris.1 marks12Chemical antagonism with one example.1 marks
2014 March (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1A 28 years old man, while working on his computer in an IT company, suddenly went
blank, fell down and appeared to be unconscious. He regains consciousness in the
next 5 minutes but was confused and could not remember what happened. When he
consulted a neurologist, he was diagnosed to have absence seizures. Answer the
following:6 marks2Enumerate β blockers. Explain any six uses and two contraindications of β blockers
(2+3+1=6)6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Enumerate four groups of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Describe the
pharmacological actions and adverse effects of levodopa. What is the advantage of combining
levodopa with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. (2+3+1= 6)6 marks2Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions: 30 years old man was admitted
in emergency ward with acute abdominal pain. After diagnosed with acute appendicitis, he was
taken for surgery. On the operation table, after administration of a skeletal muscle relaxant,
patient developed difficulty in breathing and went in for apnoea.6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
Name two drugs8
2015 February (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Enumerate four groups of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with the example each.
Describe the pharmacological actions, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of any one of
them. (2+2+1+1=6)6 marks2Read the clinical problem and answer the following question: Mr.Shankar, 54 years suddenly
developed severe chest pain. He was a diabetic and admitted in the ICCU with the diagnosis of
acute myocardial infarction,6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
8Two uses and two adverse effects of propranolol.1 marks9Explain briefly why physostigmine is preferred over neostigmine for the treatment of glaucoma.1 marks10Rationale of using terazosin in benign prostatic hypertrophy1 marks11Mechanism of action of lignocaine.1 marks12Teratogenecity with one example.1 marks
Name two drugs8
2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify NSAIDs. Mention the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of salicylates. (2+2+2=6)6 marks2Read the case history and answer the following questions. A 25 years old man had a gradual
onset of delusions and auditory hallucinations. He was taken to a psychiatrist who started
him on tab. haloperidol 2mg twice daily. A few weeks later although he improved clinically he
developed stiffness and rigidity of upper and lower limbs.6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
2016 February (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Enumerate four groups of antiepileptic drugs with examples of each. Mention four newer anti
epileptics. Describe the pharmacological actions, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of any
one of them. (2 + 2+ 2 = 6)6 marks2Read the clinical problem and answer the following question: Master. Vijay, 12 years had
severe fever for the past 3 days and he was under treatment with antibiotics and analgesics.
He developed severe pain in the stomach after taking the analgesics and he was admitted to
the Hospital for severe gastritis6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
2017 February (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify drugs used in the treatment of angina pectoris. What is the effect of nitrates on
coronary blood flow. Describe the mechanism of action and any two adverse effects of nitrates.
(2+1+2+1 =6)6 marks2A patient suffering from schizophrenia was being treated with haloperidol for the last four
weeks. Now he developed rigidity, tremors, hypokinesia and classical gait. Answer the
following:6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
8Two advantages and two disadvantages of i.v. route of drug administration.1 marks9Explain the rationale for the use of oximes in organophosphorus poisoning.1 marks10Mechanism of action of nitrates.1 marks11Explain the pharmacological basis for the use of ethyl alcohol in methanol poisoning.1 marks12Mention two selective Cox-2 inhibitors.1 marks
2018 February (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify antihypertensive drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. (2+2+1+1)6 marks2Sarala, 28 years old lady was suffering from depression. The physician prescribed
tablet fluoxetine 20mg/day for her. Answer the following:
What is the mechanism of action of fluoxetine.
What is the advantage of this drug compared to tricyclic antidepressants.
What can happen if this patient is administered pethidine concurrently (2+2+2)6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
Name two drugs8
13Available as transdermal patch1 marks14Used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation1 marks15Potassium sparing diuretics1 marks16Used in treatment of acute congestive glaucoma1 marks17Histamine releasers1 marks18In treatment of absence seizures1 marks19Fibrinolytic agents1 marks20Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs1 marks
2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
2019 February (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Enumerate the topical group of agents used in the treatment of open angle glaucoma.
Give examples and explain the mechanism of action of each group of drugs. (2+2+2)6 marks219 yrs old Saravanan was admitted to the emergency ward with the history of
consumption of poison after love failure. On admission, he had profuse sweating,
excess salivation, laboured breathing & pinpoint pupil. He had thrown convulsion once.
His pulse rate was 45-50/mt.
What is your probable diagnosis
What is the line of management
What are the specific antidotes. How they are useful. (1+2+1+2)6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Naloxone / Nalbuphine in morphine poisoning0.3 marks15Lidocaine / Propranolol to treat arrhythmia following myocardial infarction
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor0.3 marks17Antiplatelet agent0.3 marks18COMT inhibitor0.3 marks19Leukotriene antagonist0.3 marks20Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor0.3 marks
2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify antiepileptic drugs. Describe the mechanism of action and adverse effects of
phenytoin (2+2+2)6 marks2Read the clinical problem and answer the following question:
An elderly male aged 70 years was brought to the outpatient department with
complaints of difficulty in passing urine, poor stream & post void dribbling. Examination
revealed that he had benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and his BP was 160/ 100 mm
of Hg. (2+2+2).
What drug will you prescribe to take care of both BPH & hypertension
Explain the mechanism of action of the drug in this patient
What do you understand by ‘first dose effect’ of Prazosin6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Montelukast / Salbutamol in acute bronchial asthma0.3 marks15Thiazides / Spironolactone in patients using Lisinopril
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Transdermal patch0.3 marks17Microsomal enzyme inducers0.3 marks18Drugs for open angle glaucoma0.3 marks19Cardio selective beta blocker0.3 marks20Plasma expanders0.3 marks
2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Enumerate the newer drugs used in the treatment of epilepsy. Write the mechanism of
action of any two agents. Discuss the line of management of Status Epilepticus.
(2+2+2)6 marks2A middle aged man posted for Appendisectomy was given an injection by the ward
nurse before being shifted to the operation theatre. Patient developed dryness of
mouth, difficulty in swallowing and severe thirst.
What is the drug that was injected
Why the drug was given pre-operatively
What are the other drugs which are given pre-operatively (1+2+3)6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Disulfiram / Fomepizole in methyl alcohol poisoning0.3 marks15Physostigmine / Neostigmine in glaucoma management
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Low molecular weight heparin0.3 marks17Mucolytics0.3 marks18Vesico-selective anticholinergics0.3 marks19Orphan drugs0.3 marks20Drugs used for PSVT0.3 marks
2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify anticholinergic drugs. Describe the pharmacological actions, therapeutic
uses and contraindications of atropine. (2+2+1+1)6 marks2A 50 years old male patient came to hospital with a complaint of breathlessness,
Orthopnoea and swelling of both feet since 10 days. He is a known ischemic heart
disease patient, using aspirin only and not taking the other drugs as prescribed. His
heart rate is 128/mt and his blood pressure is 160/100 mm of Hg. Echocardiogram
shows dilated cardiac chambers.6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Naloxone/Methadone in morphine addiction0.3 marks15Frusemide/Hydrochlorothiazide as antihypertensive
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Oral direct factor Xa inhibitors0.3 marks17Mast cell stabilizers0.3 marks18Antitussives0.3 marks19Recombinant tissue plasminogen activators0.3 marks20Aldosterone antagonists0.3 marks
2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Name two selective and two nonselective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors.
Enumerate four uses of aspirin along with the dose required. Describe the adverse
effects and drug interactions of aspirin. (2+2+2)6 marks2Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions: A 50 years old man was
administered succinylcholine for endotracheal intubation. The patient developed
prolonged muscle paralysis and apnea. (2+2+2)
What could be the cause of apnea in this patient
How will you treat the apnea
Name two muscle relaxants that you can use in this patient in future6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Nifedipine / Verapamil in hypertension0.3 marks15Salbutamol / Salmeterol in acute attack of bronchial asthma
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Antiplatelet drugs0.3 marks17Mucolytic agents0.3 marks18Drugs for absence seizures0.3 marks19Drugs for Paroxysmal Supra Ventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)0.3 marks20Potassium channel openers0.3 marks
2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify antiepileptic drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects
of phenytoin and sodium valproate. List four drugs used in status epilepticus.
(2+3+1)6 marks2A 30 years old pregnant woman attended to hospital with a complaint of sudden onset
of swelling of right leg and tenderness over calf. Venous Doppler of right leg suggestive
of presence of a large thrombus in leg veins.6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Enalapril/amlodipine in hypertension with renal failure0.3 marks15Dopamine/Dobutamine in congestive heart failure
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Topical nasal decongestants0.3 marks17Atypical neuroleptics0.3 marks18Selective cyclooxygenase – 2 (COX-2) inhibitors0.3 marks19Potassium channel openers0.3 marks20Anticholinergic bronchodilators0.3 marks
2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1(9 marks2A male labourer aged 27 years was brought to the emergency department
with signs and symptoms of rapid and shallow breathing, headache, vertigo, severe
abdominal pain, dyspnea, motor incoordination, and slurred speech. He had a history of
consuming illicit liquor 8 hours before he was brought to the emergency department. He
was conscious and complained of blurred vision, fatigue and palpitation. On examination,
he was found to have moderate retinal edema and blurring of the disc without any
change in the fields of vision.
(15 marks
Short essays5
3(8 marks4Factors modifying drug action.8 marks5Classify drugs used in treatment of chronic simple glaucoma. Write the mechanism of
action and adverse effects of Beta blockers. (4+4)8 marks6(8 marks7Classify drugs used in Bronchial asthma. Discuss the management of Status
Asthmaticus. (4+4)
(PTO)8 marks
Short answers5
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Loratadine/Chlorpheniramine maleate for Acute Rhinitis in a driver0.2 marks14Prazosin/Tamsulosin in Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Prostaglandin analogues.0.2 marks16Skeletal muscle relaxants0.2 marks17Drugs used in Alzheimer’s disease0.2 marks18Antipsychotic agents0.2 marks19Antiepileptic drugs0.2 marks20General anaesthetics used for induction0.2 marks21Fibrinolytic drugs.0.2 marks22Drugs for Insomnia0.2 marks
2022 February (2019 Scheme)
21 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1Mr. X, a 65-year-old retired teacher had severe retrosternal chest pain radiating to
shoulder and left arm. He was profusely sweating and his ECG revealed ST elevation
and a diagnosis of Acute Myocardial infarction was made.
(15 marks2Classify Opioid analgesics. Write the pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, adverse
effects and contraindications of Morphine. (4+3+3+3+2)15 marks
Short essays4
3Define plasma half-life and give two examples of drugs with very short half
life. Define therapeutic index and give two examples each for drugs with high and low
therapeutic index". (4+4)4. Classify drugs used to treat Parkinsonism with one example from each group10 marks5Describe the uses, adverse effects and contraindications of atropine and atropine
substitutes. (4+2+2)10 marks6Enumerate four drug groups used in treatment of Bronchial asthma with its rationale for
use. Enumerate two drug groups used to treat cough. (6+2)10 marks7(8 marks
Short answers5
8Spinal anaesthesia - complications and treatment4 marks9Pharmacological basis of drugs used in treatment of Acute Migraine4 marks10Enumerate Alpha blockers and explain their therapeutic uses. (1+3)4 marks11Pharmacological basis of drugs used in Congestive Cardiac failure4 marks12Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Neostigmine4 marks
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Edrophonium /Pyridostigmine for the diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis.0.2 marks14Scopolamine/Cetirizine for motion sickness
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors0.2 marks16Drugs used in Rheumatoid arthritis0.2 marks17Drugs used to treat Vertigo0.2 marks18Drugs used to treat Insomnia0.2 marks19Drugs used to treat Schizophrenia0.2 marks20Drugs used to treat Organophosphorus poisoning0.2 marks21Antiplatelet agents0.2 marks22Drugs used for Alcohol deaddiction0.2 marks
2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Physostigmine/Neostigmine for Atropine poisoning0.3 marks15Colchicine/Allopurinol in Acute Gout
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Prostaglandin analogues0.3 marks17Second generation antihistaminics0.3 marks18Prodrugs0.3 marks19Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents0.3 marks20HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors0.3 marks
2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify atropine substitutes, explain their uses and adverse effects (3+2+1)6 marks2A 60-year-old man gives history of chest pain, sweating and breathlessness on brisk
walking, which is relieved on taking rest.
Classify drugs that are useful in this condition.
Explain the mechanism and pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects
of nitrates (2+4)6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Physostigmine/Neostigmine in atropine poisoning0.3 marks15Spironolactone/ Amiloride in lithium induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor0.3 marks17Fibrates0.3 marks18Atypical anti psychotics0.3 marks19Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants0.3 marks20Mucolytics0.3 marks
2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 52-year-old man presented with complaints of tightness and discomfort in middle part
of chest, particularly after brisk walking. This is relived within 10 minutes of rest. A
diagnosis of Angina pectoris was made by physician after appropriate investigations.
(15 marks2A 29-year employee gradually stopped going out, withdrew socially. He felt guilty,
worthless and tired all time, lost interest in pleasure and sex and had disturbed sleep.
Physician diagnosed him a case of Major depression.
(15 marks
Short essays5
3Briefly describe drug biotransformation. Describe microsomal enzyme induction. (4+4)8 marks4Aspirin.8 marks5Classify Diuretics. Briefly describe Frusemide. (4+4)8 marks6(8 marks7Briefly describe Adrenaline. Advantage of combining Adrenaline with Lignocaine.
Mention the sites where this combination is contraindicated. (4+3+1)8 marks
Short answers5
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Codein / Bromhexine in dry cough.0.2 marks14Alpha Methyl Dopa / Losartan in pregnancy induced hypertension.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Drugs used in Absence seizures.0.2 marks16Prodrugs.0.2 marks17Drugs used to treat Bipolar illness.0.2 marks18Drugs administered transdermally.0.2 marks19Drugs used to treat Morphine poisoning.0.2 marks20Uricosuric agents.0.2 marks21Prostaglandin analogues.0.2 marks22Aldosterone antagonist.0.2 marks
2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1List the various routes of drug administration with suitable examples. Write the merits
and demerits of Intravenous route of drug administration. (3+3)6 marks2A farmer was brought to the emergency department of the hospital presenting with
lacrimation, salivation, sweating and breathlessness. O/E he is having miosis, blurring
of vision, bronchospasm with copious trachea-bronchial secretions with BP-
100/60mmHg and PR-60/min. He gives history of spraying a strong insecticide in his
agricultural field.
(6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Dextromethorphan/Ambroxol for suppressing dry cough0.3 marks15Timolol/Propranolol in glaucoma
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Parenteral preparations of Iron0.3 marks17Nasal decongestants0.3 marks18Triptans0.3 marks19DMARD’S0.3 marks20Drugs acting through nuclear receptors0.3 marks
2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify antihypertensive. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects
of ACE inhibitors. (3+3)6 marks2A 25-year-old male with symptom of excessive fatigue and lack of sleep was brought to
the clinic. His relatives say that he is socially withdrawn and has made two attempts of
suicide. He was prescribed tab fluoxetine.
Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of fluoxetine.
Classify other drugs useful in the above condition. (3+3)6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Furosemide/Spironolactone in cirrhosis liver0.3 marks15Verapamil/Nifedipine in supra ventricular arrhythmias
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor0.3 marks17Mucolytics0.3 marks18Fibrinolytics0.3 marks19Plasma expanders0.3 marks20Mast cell stabilizers0.3 marks
2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
Short essays5
Short answers5
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Adrenaline/Noradrenaline in Anaphylactic shock0.2 marks14Levodopa/Benzhexol in chlorpromazine induced Parkinsonism
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Drugs used in productive cough0.2 marks16Centrally acting alpha-2 receptor agonists.0.2 marks17Microsomal enzyme inhibitors0.2 marks18Xanthine oxidase inhibitors0.2 marks19Vasicoselective anticholinergics.0.2 marks20Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in glaucoma0.2 marks21Drugs causing tachyphylaxis0.2 marks22Drugs used to treat Acute Mania.0.2 marks
2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Explain the factors modifying drug action. Briefly describe newer drug delivery systems
(3+3)6 marks2A 30-year-old male was brought to the emergency department reporting a sudden
onset of generalised tonic clonic convulsions and fall, in the nearby supermarket. His
blood pressure and electrolytes were found to be normal. A diagnosis of generalised
tonic clonic seizure was made.6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Labetalol/Losartan in Pregnancy induced hypertension0.3 marks15Glycopyrrolate/Atropine as a Pre anaesthetic medication
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Bronchodilator0.3 marks17Plasma expanders0.3 marks18Fibrinolytics0.3 marks19Triptans0.3 marks20Anticholinesterases0.3 marks
2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
34 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
2A 62-year-old male presents with exertional dyspnea and pedal edema. There is no significant
medical or family history. Physical examination showed the presence of elevated jugular
venous pulse and mild hepatomegaly. Echocardiography showed an ejection fraction of 35%
(normal >50%), suggestive of heart failure.10 marks3A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents to the emergency
department with crushing chest pain radiating to his left arm, suggestive of acute myocardial
infarction (AMI). He is anxious, and his pain is rated as 9/10. The patient is stabilized with
oxygen and other supportive measures but his chest pain persists.10 marks
Short Essays6
4Define bioavailability. What are the factors that affect bioavailability of drugs (1+5)6 marks5Enumerate three drug groups with two examples each for treating chronic simple glaucoma.
Write the mechanism of action of all three groups. (3+3)6 marks6Name three drug groups with two examples each used in treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.
Briefly describe DMARD (3+3)6 marks7Mention two low molecular weight heparins. Explain their mechanism of action. What are the
differences between unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins. (1+2+3)6 marks8Compare and contrast: chlorpromazine and risperidone. (3+3)6 marks9Mention four groups of antiasthmatic drugs giving two examples each. How will you treat a
case of acute severe exacerbation of bronchial asthma. (4+2)6 marks
Short Answers6
10Enumerate four factors that modify drug action giving suitable examples for each.4 marks11Mention four atropine substitutes with respective clinical indications for the same.4 marks12Explain the pharmacological basis for using diuretics in hypertension with an example.
Mention two antihypertensives used in pregnancy. (3+1)4 marks13Mention four prostaglandin analogs and their respective clinical indications.4 marks14Enumerate four objectives of preanesthetic medications along with the drugs used for
achieving the same.4 marks15Describe the role of autonomy, beneficence and justice as guiding principles in patient care.4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions20
iNorepinephrine lacks the following action:1 marksiiThe ability of a drug to cause fetal abnormalities when administered to a pregnant lady is
referred to as:1 marksiiiHeparin overdosage is treated with:1 marksivThe factor which does not govern the volume of distribution of a drug is1 marksixThe following statements concerning the use of lithium in the management of bipolar
affective disorder is TRUE:
1. Excessive intake of sodium chloride enhances the toxicity of lithium
2. Lithium alleviates the manic phase of bipolar disorder in 24 hours
3. Lithium dosage may need to be reduced in patients taking diuretics
4. Lithium has narrow margin of safety and requires therapeutic drug monitoring1 marksvThe following opioid is contraindicated in myocardial infarction as an analgesic due to its
sympathomimetic properties:1 marksviThe following are the examples of idiosyncrasy:
1. Chloramphenicol producing aplastic anemia
2. Aspirin producing gastric irritation
3. INH producing hepatotoxicity
4. Atypical pseudocholinesterase resulting in succinylcholine apnea1 marksviiToxicities of atropine include the following:
1. Bradycardia 2. Dry mouth 3. Miosis 4. Psychotic behavior1 marksviiiThe following statements about spironolactone are true:
1. It is a potassium sparing diuretic
2. It can cause gynecomastia and impotence
3. It acts on the thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle
4. It is combined with lisinopril to counteract hypokalemia1 marksxSelect the CORRECT statement regarding protein binding of drugs:
1. Protein bound drug is not available for action.
2. Highly plasma protein bound drugs tend to have high volume of distribution.
3. Highly protein bound drugs are generally long acting.
4. Basic drugs are generally bound to albumin.1 marksxiThe following statements about iron kinetics is FALSE:1 marksxiiAll of the following are adverse effects of oral iron therapy EXCEPT:1 marksxiiiDue to her intolerance, the physician decides to initiate parenteral iron therapy to restore her
iron levels effectively. The following iron preparation may be used in her by intravenous
route:1 marksxivThe guide for calculating the dose of parenteral iron is:1 marksxixAssertion (A): Levodopa is combined with carbidopa.
Reason (R): Levodopa-carbidopa combination reduces involuntary movements and postural
hypotension.1 marksxvSuppose this lady develops acute iron poisoning, the therapy which can be given is:1 marksxviAssertion (A): Nitroglycerine is administered by sublingual route in acute attack of angina
pectoris.
Reason (R): Nitroglycerine has high oral bioavailability1 marksxviiAssertion (A): Neostigmine and its congeners are the first line drugs used to restore muscle
strength in myasthenia gravis.
Reason (R): They improve muscle contraction by allowing acetylcholine released from
prejunctional endings to accumulate and act on the nicotinic receptors over a wider area.1 marksxviiiAssertion (A): Lignocaine is one of the preferred drugs in paroxysmal supraventricular
tachycardia.
Reason (R): Lignocaine is a blocker of inactivated Na+ channels more than that of open
state. It is relatively selective for partially depolarized cells and those with longer action
potential duration.1 marksxxAssertion (A): Codeine is the preferred antitussive in asthmatics and patients with
diminished respiratory reserve.
Reason (R): Codeine is an opium alkaloid and suppresses cough center.1 marks
2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1Classify general anaesthetics. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects
of Halothane. Enumerate four drugs used as pre-anaesthetic medication with its
rationale for use. Discuss the management of Morphine poisoning. (4+3+6+2)15 marks2Ms. X, 50 year attended outpatient’s department with H/o giddiness and headache. Her
blood pressure recording was 160/96 mm Hg. Diagnosis was essential hypertension
(15 marks
Short essays5
Short answers5
8Pharmacological basis of Adrenaline in Anaphylactic shock.4 marks9Pharmacological basis for the use of Protamine sulphate in heparin overdosage.4 marks10Pharmacological basis for the use of Timolol in glaucoma.4 marks11Treatment of organophosphorous poisoning.4 marks12Drugs used in migraine prophylaxis.4 marks
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Atropine / Phenylephrine for refraction testing.0.2 marks14Promethazine / Levocetirizine for a machine operator.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Nasal decongestants.0.2 marks16Mucolytics.0.2 marks17Drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s disease.0.2 marks18Osmotic diuretics.0.2 marks19Parenteral iron preparation.0.2 marks20Drugs with low therapeutic index.0.2 marks21Antipsychotics.0.2 marks22Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.0.2 marks
2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 65-year-old lady presented with pain in both knees more on the left side. The pain is
worsened by walking or standing for some time. X-Ray of knee shows narrowing of joint
space, mild effusion and osteophytic projections. A diagnosis of Osteoarthritis of knee is
made. She gave past history of ischemic heart disease a year back which was treated
by angioplasty and a stent was placed.
(15 marks2(15 marks
Short essays5
3Drugs used to treat Parkinsonism. Describe the Mechanism of action and adverse
effects of levodopa.8 marks4Compare the Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Thiazides and Loop
diuretics.8 marks5Enumerate opioid receptors. Write the uses, adverse effects and contra indications for
Morphine. Briefly describe the management of Morphine poisoning. (1+5+2)8 marks6Compare Inhalational and intravenous general anesthetics (4+4)8 marks7(8 marks
Short answers5
8Briefly describe enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition with suitable examples.4 marks9Sumatriptan.4 marks10Fixed drug combination of drugs4 marks11Mechanism of action and therapeutic indications of Atorvastatin4 marks12Pharmacotherapy of Anaphylactic shock with rationale for use of each drug.4 marks
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Prazosin/Phentolamine for the treatment of Benign hypertrophy of prostate (BPH) in
elderly patients0.2 marks14Colchicine/Allopurinol for the treatment of Acute gout
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used to treat glaucoma0.2 marks16Drugs for Hypertensive emergencies0.2 marks17Drugs having high first pass metabolism0.2 marks18Drugs used in bipolar disorder0.2 marks19Drugs used to treat Venous thromboembolism0.2 marks20Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants0.2 marks21Inhaled steroids in Bronchial Asthma0.2 marks22Drugs used for Smoking cessation0.2 marks
2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify Antihypertensive drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses
and adverse effects of Amlodipine. (3+3)6 marks2A 22-year-old farmer was brought to the casualty with symptoms of nausea, vomiting,
severe abdominal pain, lacrimation, salivation, blurring of vision, muscular twitches and
weakness. He was suspected to have consumed Organo-phosphorous compound.6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Salbutamol / Sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of acute attack of Bronchial asthma0.3 marks15Phenobarbitone / Carbamazepine in treatment of Trigeminal neuralgia
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Mucolytics0.3 marks17Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)0.3 marks18Pre anaesthetic medications0.3 marks19Anti anginal agents0.3 marks20Hypolipidaemic drugs0.3 marks
2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Prednisolone/Fluticasone in bronchial asthma.0.3 marks15Diazepam/ Phenobarbitone as Hypnotic.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Atypical antipsychotics.0.3 marks17Second generation antihistaminics.0.3 marks18COMT inhibitors.0.3 marks19Selective COX-2 inhibitors.0.3 marks20Fibrinolytic drugs.0.3 marks
2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)
34 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
2Define Pharmacodynamics. Explain the various factors modifying drug action with examples. (2+8)10 marks3A 55-year-old male patient was recently diagnosed as suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma with
metastases to bone. He complains of severe, excruciating pain in the abdomen and spine. He has
complained of sleeplessness and mood swings for the past one month. The oncologist prescribes him
an opioid analgesic drug to relieve his pain and also induce sleep and reduce apprehension of pain.10 marks
Short Essays6
4Discuss in detail about FOUR pharmacokinetic drug interactions with suitable examples.6 marks5Enumerate the iron preparations and add a note on the indications of parenteral iron therapy. (3+3)6 marks6Classify general anaesthetics - four groups with two examples. Add a brief note on pre anaesthetic
medication (4+2)6 marks7After injecting succinylcholine I.V. to have muscle relaxation during a surgical procedure, a patient
developed prolonged apnoea. What could be the probable cause. What is the management for the
above condition. (2+4)6 marks8Classify the drugs used in Gout. Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Allopurinol.
(2+4)6 marks9Classify drugs used in hypertension with TWO examples each. Briefly describe any one group with its
mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects (4+2)6 marks
Short Answers6
10Explain the rationale of Levodopa and Carbidopa fixed drug combination in Parkinson’s disease4 marks11Enumerate the Merits and Demerits of selective Cox-2 Inhibitors4 marks12Briefly describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of sodium valproate.4 marks13Briefly describe kinetics of elimination.4 marks14Explain the adverse effects and role of inhaled steroids in Bronchial asthma.4 marks15Discuss the types of communication and its importance in Health care settings.4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions20
iThe anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy is:1 marksiiThe diuretic employed in refractory edema resistant to thiazide/loop diuretics is:1 marksiiiThe medication preferred in the treatment of drug-induced parkinsonism is1 marksivThe antihistaminic drug banned due to the deaths caused by Torsades de pointes is1 marksixWhich of the following diuretics are used to treat hyperaldosteronism1 marksvThe Vasicoselective anticholinergic used in urinary frequency, urgency, and dysuria is1 marksviWhich of the following drugs can cause QT prolongation1 marksviiThe adrenergic antagonists used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are:1 marksviiiThe Dopamine agonists used to treat Parkinson’s disease are:1 marksxThe direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) that inhibit factor Xa are1 marksxiThe preferred first-line pharmacologic treatment for open-angle glaucoma is:1 marksxiiMrs. Rose’s intraocular pressure (IOP) is 28 mmHg. Which class of drugs is most likely to lower IOP
by decreasing aqueous humour production1 marksxiiiWhich of the following is a potential side effect of the use of prostaglandin analogues like latanoprost1 marksxivThe drug that should be used cautiously in Mrs. Rose, who has a history of bronchial asthma1 marksxixAssertion (A): Pralidoxime is most specific drug for organophosphate poisoning.
Reason (R): Organophosphates block AChE enzyme1 marksxvWhich is the diuretic of choice in treatment of acute congestive glaucoma1 marksxviAssertion (A): Aspirin is used for its antiplatelet effects to prevent blood clots.
Reason (R): Aspirin inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which decreases thromboxane A2
production, a molecule that promotes platelet aggregation.1 marksxviiAssertion (A): Quinidine can cause QT prolongation.
Reason (R): Class IA drugs have maximum sodium channel blocking effect.1 marksxviiiAssertion (A): Allopurinol can precipitate acute gout.
Reason (R): Inhibition of uric acid synthesis mobilizes tissue store of uric acid in to plasma.1 marksxxAssertion (A): Beta-2 agonists, such as salbutamol, are used to treat asthma.
Reason (R): Beta-2 agonists work by stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors on bronchial smooth
muscles, causing bronchodilation.1 marks
2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify Antiepileptic drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and
adverse effects of Sodium Valproate. (3+3)6 marks2A man aged 45 years presented with complaints of gradual onset double vision,
drooping eyelids, difficulty in chewing food and weakness of limbs which is accentuated
by exercise. The symptoms fluctuate in intensity over time. A provisional diagnosis of
Myasthenia gravis is made.6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following drugs3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Low molecular weight Heparin/Warfarin as Anticoagulant in pregnancy.0.3 marks15Trihexyphenidyl /Levodopa in Drug induced parkinsonism.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.0.3 marks17Non benzodiazepine hypnotics.0.3 marks18Cardioselective beta blockers.0.3 marks19Prodrugs.0.3 marks20HMG CoA reductase inhibitors0.3 marks
2013 April (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
Name two drugs for8
2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify anti malarial drugs. Mention the adverse effects and therapeutic uses of chloroquine.
(2+2+2=6)6 marks2Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions. A 20 years old pregnant woman
developed a mild upper respiratory tract infection .She was given cap. Tetracycline 250mg thrice
daily for three days.6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
8Mention two uses and two adverse effects of fluconazole1 marks9Comment on the drug interaction produced by sulfonylureas and salicylates.1 marks10Mention anti pseudomonal penicillins1 marks11Rationale for the combination of oestrogen and progesterone in OCPs.1 marks12Mechanism of action of oseltamivir.1 marks
2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classification of fluoroquinolones .Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and
adverse effects of sparfloxacin. (2 + 2+ 2 =6)6 marks2Read the case history and answer the following questions. Mr. Raman 32 years has
developed severe epigastric pain after taking tab. Ibuprofen 400mg tds for his joint pain6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
2014 March (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Enumerate the antibiotics which act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Mention the detailed
mechanism of action of any one of them on bacterial cell wall synthesis. Add a note on beta
lactamase inhibitors (2 + 2 +2 = 6)6 marks2Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions: 40 years old man who was on
metronidazole for amoebic dysentery went to a cocktail party where he consumed alcohol. After
some time, he started developing symptoms like flushing, burning sensation, throbbing headache,
dizziness, tightness in chest, vomiting.6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1List aminoglycoside antibiotics. Mention its four common properties and two adverse effects.6 marks2Read the clinical problem and answer the following questions: A 28 years old woman
having two children wanted to follow a contraceptive method. Patient was advised to take
oral contraceptive pills. She is a known case of pulmonary tuberculosis for which she is on
Rifampicin 450mg. INH300mg and ethambutol 300mg per day.6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
8Rationale for the combined use of aluminium and magnesium salts in antacid preparations.1 marks9Mechanism of action of co-trimoxazole.1 marks10Rationale for the use of folinic acid in methotrexate toxicity.1 marks11Comment on the interaction between itraconazole and omeprazole.1 marks12Pharmacological basis for the combined use of drugs in cancer chemotherapy.1 marks
2015 February (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify drugs used in treatment of malaria. Explain the mechanism of action, adverse effects
and dose of any one such drug. Which drug is used for radical cure of acute vivax malaria.6 marks2A 35 years old woman came with complaints of heat intolerance, retraction of upper eyelid
and menstrual irregularities. Her T3 , T4 , FT4 & FT3 are elevated while TSH is suppressed.
Answer the following:6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
Name two drugs8
13Treatment of pneumocystis carnii1 marks14Peroxysome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonists1 marks15Drugs causing haemolytic anemia in glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency patients1 marks16Cell cycle specific anti metabolites1 marks17Treatment of extra intestinal amoebiasis1 marks18Selective estrogen receptor modulators1 marks19Treatment of ascariasis1 marks20Antiemetic agents1 marks
2016 February (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify cephalosporins. Describe the mechanism of action and clinical uses of ceftriaxone.
Which drug can be combined with amoxicillin to treat infection due to beta lactamase
producing staph. aureus. ( 2+1+2+1 = 6)6 marks2A 25years old insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patient develops sweating, anxiety,
palpitations and tremors after performing vigorous exercise. Answer the following:6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
Name two drugs8
2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1A 50 years old lady complains of pain in the throat and has been diagnosed to
have streptococcal tonsillitis. Answer the following:6 marks2Classify oral anti diabetic drugs and explain the mechanism of action of any two
groups. Mention one insulin analog and list one advantage of it over conventional
insulin (2+3+1=6)6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
2017 February (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Read the case history and answer the following questions:
Mr. Ramu 40 years presented with H/o fever with chills for the past two days and
diagnosed as a case of plasmodium falciparum malaria.6 marks2Classify cephalosporins. Mention the mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses
of third generation cephalosporin. (2+2+2=6)6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
8Mention two important uses and adverse effects of glucocorticoids.1 marks9Comment on the interactions produced by oral contraceptive pills and rifampicin.1 marks10Specify the important spectrum of ciprofloxacin.1 marks11Pharmacological basis for combining beta lactamase inhibitors with beta lactam
antibiotics.1 marks12Mechanism of action of clarithromycin.1 marks
2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify oral hypoglycemic agents. Explain the mechanism of action and adverse
effects of any one group. (2+2+2)6 marks2A 20 years old pregnant women developed a mild bacterial upper respiratory tract
infection. She was given cap. tetracycline 250 mg thrice daily for 3 days. Answer the
following questions:6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
8Mechanism of action of INH1 marks9Rationale for the use of combination of drugs in cancer chemotherapy1 marks10Pharmacological basis for the use of thalidomide in lepra reaction1 marks11Anti- thyroid drugs safe during pregnancy1 marks12Rationale for the use of folinic acid in methotrexate overdose1 marks
Name two drugs8
2018 February (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify oral hypoglycemic drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and side
effects of sulfonylureas. (2+2+1+1)6 marks2A 60 years old woman with diabetes complains of thickening and yellowish
discoloration of right big toe. The physician diagnosed it as onychomycosis of toe nail.
What are the drugs useful in treatment of this patient. Explain the mechanism of
action and adverse effects of any one drug. (2+2+2)6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
Name two drugs8
2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions · 40 marks · 120 min
Essays2
1Classify beta lactam antibiotics. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of ceftriaxone. (2+2+1+1)6 marks2Ramu, a 35 years old male is suffering from end stage kidney disease. His brother
has come forward to donate his kidney for Ramu. What immunosuppressant drugs
are required to inhibit rejection of transplanted kidney. Explain the mechanism of
action and side effects of cyclosporine. (2+2+2)6 marks
Short notes5
Answer briefly5
2019 February (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1Read the case history and answer the following questions: A 25 years old lady
reported to the hospital with complaints of low grade fever since 10 days and
weakness, fatigue, cough & expectoration since one month. Sputum was found to be
positive for AFB and X-ray chest showed fibrotic changes in the left upper lobe.
(2+2+2)
What is the treatment regimen to be followed for the patient
Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Rifampicin
What would you advise if the lady was pregnant6 marks2Classify corticosteroids. Describe the uses and adverse effects of glucocorticoids
(2+2+2)6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Griseofulvin / Miconazole in candida albicans0.3 marks15Ciprofloxacin / Amoxicillin in urinary tract infection in pregnancy
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Vinca alkaloids in cancer chemotherapy0.3 marks17Anti-seborrheic agents0.3 marks18Proton pump inhibitors0.3 marks19Drugs effective against both gram positive & gram negative organisms0.3 marks20Antithyroid drugs0.3 marks
2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1Enumerate the newer insulin analogues. What is the advantage of using insulin
analogues over conventional insulin. How will you manage insulin resistance. (2+2+2)6 marks2Mrs. Mala aged 30 is a known epileptic was on treatment with Tab. Phenytoin for the
past 3 yrs. She was taking oral contraceptive pills for the last 6 months. She did not
get her menstrual cycle for the past 2 months. On investigation, her pregnancy was
confirmed
What is the therapeutic problem
Why she became pregnant in spite of taking oral contraceptive pills
Name 2 other drugs which will have problems with phenytoin.
Add a note on emergency contraception. (1+2+1+2)6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Third generation / Fourth generation cephalosporins in MRSA infection0.3 marks15Fluconazole / Ketoconazole in fungal meningitis
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Anti-secretory agents in diarrhea0.3 marks17Antiscabies agents.0.3 marks18Drugs for psoriasis0.3 marks19Drugs useful in Lepra reaction.0.3 marks20Drugs effective in Round worm infestations.0.3 marks
2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Chloramphenicol/Ceftriaxone in typhoid fever0.3 marks15Oxytocin/Ergometrine in Postpartum Hemorhage (PPH)
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Tocolytics0.3 marks17Laxatives0.3 marks18Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (nNRTIs)0.3 marks19Newer insulins0.3 marks20Iron chelating agents0.3 marks
2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1Read the case history and answer the following questions: An 18 years old boy was
brought to the outpatient department with history of fever with chills and shivering for
the past three days. Peripheral blood smear showed presence of intra erythrocytic
P.vivax parasite. (2+2+2)
Prescribe drugs treatment for the patient with dosage schedules.
Explain the mechanism of action of chloroquine.
What are the adverse effects of chloroquine when used for prolonged
period in large doses6 marks2What are the different types of oral contraceptive pills available. Describe the
mechanism of action and adverse effects of combined oral contraceptive pills.(2+2+2)6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Chloroquine / Diloxanide furoate in amebic liver abscess0.3 marks15Regular / Lente insulin in diabetic ketoacidosis
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Anti-herpes virus drugs0.3 marks17Anticancer antibiotics0.3 marks18Stimulant purgatives0.3 marks19Drugs for scabies0.3 marks20Anti-fungal azole derivative0.3 marks
2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
19 Questions
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Ondanesetron/Metoclopramide in cancer chemotherapy associated vomiting0.3 marks15Oxytocin/Methylergometrine for induction of labour
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Anti Hepatitis B viral drugs0.3 marks17Triazole antifungal drugs0.3 marks18Antipseudomonal cephalosporins0.3 marks19Topical steroids0.3 marks20Iron chelators0.3 marks
2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1An immigrant labourer comes to the hospital with fever, chills and rigor.
Peripheral smear showed malarial parasites. He was given chloroquine and primaquine.
Classify antimalarial drugs
Why are chloroquine and primaquine combined.
Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of chloroquine.
List four drugs used for chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria. (2+1+2+1)6 marks2Classify antithyroid drugs. Write the advantages and disadvantages of using
radioactive Iodine. (2+2+2)6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
Short essays5
Short answers5
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Oxytocin / Ergometrine for Post-partum haemorrhage0.2 marks14Cotrimoxazole / Cephalexin in prophylaxis of recurrent cystitis in pregnancy
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Anabolic steroids.0.2 marks16Drugs for Scabies.0.2 marks17Cytokine inhibitors.0.2 marks18Non systemic antacids.0.2 marks19Drugs used in Penicillinase producing staphylococcal infections.0.2 marks20Drugs active against pseudomonas infection0.2 marks21Chelating agents.0.2 marks22Laxative agents.0.2 marks
2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1Classify Thyroid inhibitor drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, and adverse
effects of carbimazole. Explain the role of iodides in hyperthyroidism. (2+2+2)6 marks2A 40 years old female patient admitted to hospital with a complaint of fever with chills
and right loin pain since 5 days. She is a known diabetic. Urine microscopy shows
plenty of pus cells and gram negative bacilli. Her serum creatinine is moderately
elevated. Ultra sonogram of abdomen suggestive of acute pyelonephritis of right
kidney.6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Glibenclamide/Glipizide in elderly patients0.3 marks15Combined pill/Mini pill as oral contraception
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Selective estrogen receptor modulators0.3 marks17Neuraminidase inhibitors0.3 marks18Luminal amoebicides0.3 marks19Bisphosphonates used in postmenopausal Osteoporosis.0.3 marks20Antimotility drugs used in nonspecific diarrhoeas0.3 marks
2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1Enumerate the second generation fluoroquinolones. What is their mechanism of
action. What are the adverse effects produced by them. (2+2+2)6 marks2Mr. Madhavan aged 40 yrs developed pulmonary tuberculosis and he was given
treatment with first line anti-tubercular agents. After one month of regular
treatment, he reported back with complaints of visual disturbances and difficulty in
following traffic signals.
Which drug is responsible for his complaints
What is the mechanism of its action in tuberculosis
What is MDR-TB
How will you manage MDR-TB (1+2+1+2)6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Ondansetron/Domperidone in chemotherapy induced vomiting.0.3 marks15Methotrexate / Cisplatin in choriocarcinoma
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Drugs for urinary tract infection0.3 marks17Antidote for iron poisoning0.3 marks18Post-exposure prophylaxis in HIV infection0.3 marks19Anabolic steroids0.3 marks20Drugs for prevention of rejection of organ transplantation0.3 marks
2022 February (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
Short essays5
Short answers5
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Tetracycline/Amoxicillin n pharyngitis for a 5-year-old child0.2 marks14Ceftriaxone/ Amikacin in gonorrhoea
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Topical preparations for Scabies0.2 marks16Drugs for herpes simplex0.2 marks17Drugs for pneumocystis carini infection0.2 marks18Anti-progestins0.2 marks19Prolactin inhibitors0.2 marks20Topical preparations for Acne vulgaris0.2 marks21Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors0.2 marks22Drugs for pseudomembranous enterocolitis0.2 marks
2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1Classify Oral anti diabetic drugs. Write the MOA and adverse effects of sulfonyl
urea. (2+2+2)6 marks2A 45-year-old nurse complaining of evening rise of temperature since a month with
loss of appetite and weight is presenting with sputum positive for AFB and
diagnosis for primary pulmonary tuberculosis.
(6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Oxytocin/Ergometrine in Induction of labour0.3 marks15Ranitidine/cimetidine is used in Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Laxatives0.3 marks17Immunomodulators0.3 marks18Drugs used in Psoriasis0.3 marks19Antiseptics0.3 marks20Killed vaccines0.3 marks
2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1A 30-year-old male patient with history of productive cough, evening rise of temperature
and weight loss since 1 month visits a physician in a tertiary care hospital. On
investigation, patient was positive for acid fast bacilli in the sputum and a diagnosis of
pulmonary tuberculosis was made.
(11 marks2Classify Oral antidiabetic drugs. Discuss in detail any one group. Describe briefly Human
insulin. Discuss the management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis. (4+3+4+4)15 marks
Short essays5
3(8 marks4(8 marks5(5 marks6Enumerate Cephalosporins. Describe their mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of third generation Cephalosporins. (4+4)8 marks7List three classes of Antiemetics. Write the mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of the most effective Antiemetic group. (3+5)8 marks
Short answers5
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Ondansetron/Domperidone in chemotherapy induced emesis.0.2 marks14Oxytocin / Methyl ergometrine in Postpartum hemorrhage.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Immuno stimulants.0.2 marks16Antiretroviral drugs.0.2 marks17Antileprotic drugs.0.2 marks18Drugs for treating Filariasis.0.2 marks19Drugs for treating Osteoporosis.0.2 marks20Drugs for treating Pseudomembranous enterocolitis.0.2 marks21Uterine relaxants0.2 marks22Antidiarrhoeal agents0.2 marks
2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Folinic acid/folic acid in Methotrexate toxicity0.3 marks15Domperidone/Metoclopramide as antiemetic in paediatric population
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Drugs used for Lepra reaction0.3 marks17Drugs used in inflammatory bowel disease0.3 marks18Drugs used in scabies0.3 marks19Viral vaccines0.3 marks20Antiretroviral drugs0.3 marks
2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
Short answers5
8Pharmacological basis for the use of Tamoxifen in Carcinoma Breast.4 marks9Pharmacological basis for the use of Benzathine Penicillin in Rheumatic fever prophylaxis.4 marks10Pharmacological basis for the use of Fenofibrate in Hyperlipedemia.4 marks11Pharmacological basis for the use of Zidovudine in HIV.4 marks12Management of Hospital Acquired Infections.4 marks
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Oxytocin / Ergometrine for Induction of Labour.0.2 marks14Metoclopramide / Domperidone for vomiting in a Parkinsonism patient on Levo Dopa.
Name the following (Two examples for each) : (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Antioestrogens.0.2 marks16Prokinetic agents.0.2 marks17Topical antifungal agents.0.2 marks18Drugs for treating Lead poisoning.0.2 marks19Long acting Insulin analogs0.2 marks20Drugs to treat Influenza.0.2 marks21Drugs to treat Filariasis.0.2 marks22Drugs for treating Malaria.0.2 marks
2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
Short essays5
3(8 marks4Classify bisphosphonates. Explain in detail on the mechanism of action, uses and adverse
effects of bisphosphonates8 marks5Enumerate the drugs used in treatment of Peptic ulcer. Briefly describe any one group.
Write one Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen. (6+2)8 marks6Compare Radioactive Iodine and Carbimazole.8 marks7(8 marks
Short answers5
8Triazole Antifungal agents.4 marks9Alkylating agents and their uses in cancer chemotherapy4 marks10Classify the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) and explain the
pharmacological basis of their clinical indications.4 marks11Ciprofloxacin4 marks12Artemisinin based combination therapy in Malaria4 marks
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Metformin/Sitagliptin for insulin resistance in a diabetic patient.0.2 marks14Azithromycin/Clindamycin for mycoplasma pneumonia
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Drugs used for treatment of Filariasis0.2 marks16Drugs used for treating Pseudomembranous enterocolitis0.2 marks17Drugs for treating Lepra reaction0.2 marks18Neuraminidase inhibitors0.2 marks19Topical agents used for Acne vulgaris0.2 marks20Calcineurin inhibitors0.2 marks21Stimulant laxatives0.2 marks22Drugs to treat Irritable bowel disease0.2 marks
2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
34 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
2A 45-year-old male factory worker weighing 60 kg reports to the hospital with cough and expectoration,
mild chest pain, weakness and fatigue for the last one month. In addition, he has developed low grade
fever for the last one week. He gives history of having suffered from tuberculosis of the lung one year back
for which he took treatment from the hospital and became all right in 2 months. He stopped taking the
medicines after another 1 month, though he was told by the doctor to continue treatment. The sputum was
found to be positive for AFB and X-ray chest showed a 5 cm cavitary lesion in the right middle lobe and
fibrotic changes in the upper lobe. He was diagnosed to be a previously treated and defaulted patient of
pulmonary tuberculosis.10 marks3During routine medical check-up a 50-year male office executive with sedentary lifestyle was diagnosed to
have developed type 2 diabetes mellitus. His fasting and post-meal blood glucose was 130 mg/dl and 190
mg/dl respectively, HbA1C was 7.8%, BP was 130/82 mm Hg and body mass index was 24 kg/m2. He
was asymptomatic and investigations revealed no end organ damage. He was advised suitable diet,
exercise and other lifestyle modifications.10 marks
Short Essays6
4Explain prophylactic use of antimicrobials giving suitable examples.6 marks5Enumerate two drug groups used to treat peptic ulcer with two examples each. Write the mechanism of
action of both groups. Write one H.pylori eradication regimen (2+2+2)6 marks6Mention two aminoglycosides. Explain four common properties of aminoglycosides. What is post-antibiotic
effect. (1+4+1)6 marks7How will you treat a case of malaria. What is the treatment given for relapse. Mention the drugs which can
be given to prevent malaria while visiting an endemic area. (2+2+2)6 marks8Mention Two drugs which can be given to treat enteric fever. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and
adverse effects of any one. (2+4)6 marks9Enumerate Four glucocorticoids. Explain the measures to minimize hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis
suppression. Discuss two other adverse drug reactions of glucocorticoid therapy. (2+3+1)6 marks
Short Answers6
10Compare and contrast: loperamide and racecadotril.4 marks11Classify insulins according to the duration of action giving suitable examples.4 marks12Mention two anabolic steroids. Enumerate the uses and adverse effects of anabolic steroids.4 marks13Compare and contrast: erythromycin and azithromycin.4 marks14Write briefly on post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection after a needlestick injury.4 marks15Write briefly on chelating agents.4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions20
iThe following is the right composition of oral rehydration solution as per WHO standard formula:1 marksiiOctreotide is a long acting synthetic analogue of:1 marksiiiThe drug that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, useful against Bacteroides fragilis and may cause
pseudomembranous enterocolitis is:1 marksivCotrimoxazole is NOT effective against infections caused by:1 marksixThe following anticancer drugs are purine antagonists:1 marksvSubstances that precipitate superficial surface proteins without penetrating the cells and toughen the skin
making it mechanically stronger and decrease exudation are called:1 marksviThe following insulin is preferred to be given intravenously in diabetic ketoacidosis:1 marksviiThe adverse effects of following antimicrobials are WRONGLY paired:1 marksviiiThe following drugs promote gastrointestinal transit and speed up gastric emptying by enhancing
coordinated propulsive (prokinetic) activity:1 marksxThe following anthelmintics are effective against Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugiya malayi acting as
microfilaricidal:1 marksxiThe preferred drug for her is:1 marksxiiMethimazole acts by:1 marksxiiiThe following statement regarding thyroid hormone is FALSE:1 marksxivThe beta-adrenergic blockers preferred in hyperthyroidism is:1 marksxixAssertion (A): Penicillin G is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Reason (R): Broad-spectrum antibiotics are known to cause superinfections.1 marksxvThe WRONGLY paired drug and its influence on thyroid function is:1 marksxviAssertion (A): Lactulose is used in hepatic encephalopathy.
Reason (R): Lactulose is neither digested not absorbed in the small intestine, therefore retains water
and produces soft formed stools by osmotic action.1 marksxviiAssertion (A): Sildenafil is used in male sexual dysfunction.
Reason (R): Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor causes accumulation of cGMP and marked
potentiation of actions of nitric oxide.1 marksxviiiAssertion (A): Ticarcillin is combined with Gentamicin for Pseudomonas infection, especially in
neutropenic patients.
Reason (R): Ticarcillin inhibits cell wall synthesis and Gentamicin inhibits protein synthesis and both of
them are bactericidal.1 marksxxAssertion (A): Cyclosporine is used as a part of induction regimen to prevent organ transplant rejection.
Reason (R): Cyclosporine inhibits TNFα secreted by activated macrophages and other immune cells.1 marks
2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1Classify drugs used in treatment of Peptic ulcer. Describe briefly Omeprazole. (3+3)6 marks2A 24year old lady comes to the OPD with complaints of high fever with chills and
rigors for the past 3 days. She also complains of headache, body ache and
weakness. The fever lasts for 4 to 6 hours and subsides after sweating. You make a
diagnosis of malaria based on blood smear which showed P. vivax parasites.6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Propylthiouracil / Carbimazole for treatment of Thyroid storm0.3 marks15Folic acid/ Folinic acid to treat Methotrexate toxicity
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Long acting Insulin analogues0.3 marks17Water soluble vitamins0.3 marks18Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM)0.3 marks19Anti scabies agents0.3 marks20Third generation cephalosporins0.3 marks
2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1Classify Antimalarial drugs. Write the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and
adverse effects of Chloroquine. (3+3)6 marks2A 52-year-old patient visits his doctor with complaints of increased frequency of
urination, increased hunger and thirst. His fasting blood sugar was 150mg/dl
Postprandial blood sugar was 230mg/dl, HbA1c was 8%. A diagnosis of Type 2
diabetes was made….6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Ciprofloxacin/Ceftriaxone in a pregnant lady diagnosed to have Enteric fever0.3 marks15Conventional Amphotericin B/ Liposomal Amphotericin B in Visceral leishmaniasis.
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Short acting insulin analogues0.3 marks17Fat soluble vitamins.0.3 marks18Drugs given for constipation0.3 marks19Tissue amoebicides.0.3 marks20Vinca alkaloids.0.3 marks
2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
22 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
1Enumerate Antiemetic drugs. Explain the Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effect of
any one group.
Briefly describe proton pump inhibitors (6+4+5)15 marks2A Resident surgeon consults a physician with the following problem: During a surgical
procedure he got exposed to a 26-year-old female patient’s blood and saliva through a
piercing injury on the finger. A needle had penetrated across his gloves and skin to a
depth of 2–3 mm, but was withdrawn immediately and the area washed under running
water. On enquiry, the patient revealed that one year back she had tested HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Viru15 marks
Short answers5
Choose the Appropriate Drug and Justify10
13Ampicillin /Ciprofloxacin in urinary tract infection in a pregnant lady.0.2 marks14Cyclosporine / Sirolimus for graft rejection reaction in Renal failure patient.
Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)0.2 marks15Drugs to treat Constipation0.2 marks16Uterine Relaxants0.2 marks17Drugs used for osteoporosis0.2 marks18Anabolic steroids0.2 marks19Drugs for Emergency contraception0.2 marks20Topical antifungal agents0.2 marks21Drugs used for typhoid fever0.2 marks22Vitamin D preparations0.2 marks
2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1Classify drugs used in the treatment of Tuberculosis. Outline the mechanism of
action, adverse effects and uses of Rifampicin. (2+4)6 marks2A 68year old female patient, complains of easy fatigability for past 6 months. Routine
checkup showed her fasting blood glucose level to be 168 mg/dL, glycosylated
hemoglobin (HbA16 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Domperidone/ Ondansetron in the treatment of Chemotherapy induced vomiting0.3 marks15Combined oral contraceptive pill/ mini pill (progesterone only pill) in a lactating
mother
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Short acting Insulin analogues0.3 marks17Fat soluble vitamins0.3 marks18Anti-influenza virus drugs0.3 marks19Bisphosphonates0.3 marks20Chelating agents0.3 marks
2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)
34 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
Long Essays2
Short Essays6
4Classify uterine stimulants and relaxants with suitable examples. Explain the rationale for the
use of oxytocin in prevention of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). (4+2)6 marks5Write in detail on the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics.6 marks6Enumerate Antiemetics. Add a brief note on mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of the most
effective group. (3+3)6 marks7Describe the mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses of Rifampicin.6 marks8Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of vinca alkaloids.6 marks9A 60-year-old lady presents with back pain and in the legs. She also complains of a recent fracture in the
right wrist joint. After investigation, the physician made a diagnosis of Osteoporosis. She was prescribed
Alendronate. Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Alendronate. (4+2)6 marks
Short Answers6
10Enumerate SERMs. Write in detail about any one member. (2+4)4 marks11What is the pharmacological basis for the use of pyridoxine along with isoniazid.4 marks12Mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Radio active iodine.4 marks13Contra indications and drug interactions of oral contraceptive pills.4 marks14Enumerate insulin analogues and tabulate their pharmacokinetic characteristics.4 marks15Discuss the role of empathy in patient care.4 marks
Multiple Choice Questions20
iWhich anti-diarrhoeal drug acts by inhibiting intestinal motility via opioid receptors1 marksiiThe anticancer drug which acts by inhibiting Topoisomerase II, thereby causing DNA strand breaks is:1 marksiiiThe potent inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections is:1 marksivWhich of the following is the most common adverse effect of long-term use of oral contraceptives1 marksixThe antibiotics known to target bacterial protein synthesis are:1 marksvThe mechanism of action of the drug terbinafine is:1 marksviThe anticancer agents causing renal toxicity as adverse effect are:1 marksviiThe drugs widely preferred to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)1 marksviiiThe drug safe in pregnancy1 marksxWhich drugs are used as part of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in HIV exposure1 marksxiWhich of the following classes of drugs is most commonly used as the first-line pharmacologic treatment
for GERD1 marksxiiMr. Taylor’s symptoms are poorly controlled with over-the-counter antacids. Which of the following is the
most appropriate next step in his treatment1 marksxiiiThe known side effect of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is1 marksxivThe primary mechanism of action of H2-receptor antagonists in the treatment of GERD is1 marksxixAssertion (A): Propranolol is often used to manage symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
Reason (R): Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that reduces the symptoms of hyperthyroidism
by blocking the effects of excessive thyroid hormones on the heart.1 marksxvThe drug preferred as an adjunctive therapy in GERD by accelerating gastric emptying is1 marksxviAssertion (A): Sulphonamide’s can cause kernicterus in newborns.
Reason (R): Drugs with low plasma protein binding can cause hemolysis.1 marksxviiAssertion (A): Bedaquiline is used along with clofazimine in XDR TB.
Reason (R): Two drugs acting on same target can antagonize each other.1 marksxviiiAssertion (A): Azathioprine dose is decreased with Allopurinol.
Reason (R): Azathioprine and allopurinol cause bone marrow suppression.1 marksxxAssertion (A): Vancomycin is used primarily to treat infections caused by Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Reason (R): Vancomycin inhibits the formation of bacterial cell walls by binding to D-alanyl-
D-alanine, a component of the peptidoglycan precursor.1 marks
2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
20 Questions
Essays2
1Classify the drugs used in Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis. Write the mechanism of
action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Rifampicin (3+3)6 marks2A 32years old woman, presented with complaints of weight loss, palpitations,
sweating, irregular menses and occasional tremors of hands since 2-3 months.
Clinical examination revealed a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland and blood tests
showed decreased TSH. She was started on medication for Grave’s disease.6 marks
Short Notes5
Write the Pharmacological basis for the use of3
Write two uses and two adverse effects of the following3
Choose the appropriate drug and Justify7
14Rifabutin/ Rifampicin in Tuberculosis in AIDS patients.0.3 marks15Oxytocin/Methylergometrine to induce Labour.
Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)0.3 marks16Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators.0.3 marks17Bisphosphonates.0.3 marks18Aminoglycoside antibiotics.0.3 marks19Protease inhibitors0.3 marks20Azole antifungals0.3 marks
Physiology PYQs
Cardiovascular Physiology
Cardiovascular Physiology
Other Questions (80)
1Describe the events of the cardiac cycle. Discuss the physiological basis of heart sounds. What is the significance of the third heart sound in adults?2013 (Unknown (legacy import))2Enumerate the phases of diastole. Explain ventricular filling and its determinants.2014 (Unknown (legacy import))3Explain the sequence of events during the cardiac cycle. Draw and label the pressure-volume loop of the left ventricle. How does the loop change in cardiac failure?2015 (Unknown (legacy import))4Describe stroke volume and the factors affecting it.2015 (Unknown (legacy import))5What is the significance of the v wave in JVP? In which condition does a giant v wave appear?2016 (Unknown (legacy import))6Physiological basis of S42016 (Unknown (legacy import))7Explain the dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure waveform. What does it signify?2016 (Unknown (legacy import))8What is cardiac output? How is it calculated? What is the normal value?2017 (Unknown (legacy import))9Write a short essay on the fourth heart sound. State its physiological basis and conditions in which it is heard.2017 (Unknown (legacy import))10What is the physiological significance of the x descent in JVP?2017 (Unknown (legacy import))11Pressure-volume loop — areas and what they represent2017 (Unknown (legacy import))12Write an essay on the cardiac cycle. Include: phases, heart sounds, jugular venous pulse waveform, and clinical significance of ejection fraction.2017 (Unknown (legacy import))13Describe the abnormalities of S2 splitting. Correlate with underlying cardiac conditions.2018 (Unknown (legacy import))14In which direction does the PV loop shift in increased preload? In increased afterload?2018 (Unknown (legacy import))15What is the width of the pressure-volume loop equivalent to?2018 (Unknown (legacy import))16Ventricular filling phases2018 (Unknown (legacy import))17Define preload and afterload. How does each affect stroke volume?2019 (Unknown (legacy import))18Describe the Frank-Starling law. Explain its role during exercise and in cardiac failure.2019 (Unknown (legacy import))19What happens to diastole during tachycardia and what is the clinical significance of this?2019 (Unknown (legacy import))20Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle. Explain the pressure and volume changes in the left ventricle during each phase with reference to the Wiggers diagram.2019 (Unknown (legacy import))21Cardiac reserve2019 (Unknown (legacy import))22End diastolic volume2019 (Unknown (legacy import))23Write a note on isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation. What is the significance of these phases?2020 (Unknown (legacy import))24y descent in JVP2020 (Unknown (legacy import))25What is the normal LV end diastolic pressure? How does it change in left ventricular failure?2020 (Unknown (legacy import))26Ejection fraction — definition and clinical significance2020 (Unknown (legacy import))27During which phase does the mitral valve open, and what is the pressure condition required for this to occur?2020 (Unknown (legacy import))28What is a cannon a wave? In which conditions is it seen?2020 (Unknown (legacy import))29Describe the JVP waveform and correlate each component with the events of the cardiac cycle.2021 (Unknown (legacy import))30What change in the JVP waveform occurs in atrial fibrillation and why?2021 (Unknown (legacy import))31What is the normal stroke volume and how is it calculated?2021 (Unknown (legacy import))32Physiological splitting of S22021 (Unknown (legacy import))33Stroke work2021 (Unknown (legacy import))34What is the Frank-Starling law? What is its physiological basis?2021 (Unknown (legacy import))35Describe the cardiac cycle with a suitable diagram. Include pressure changes, volume changes, valve events, and heart sounds.2022 (Unknown (legacy import))36What does the area enclosed by the pressure-volume loop represent?2022 (Unknown (legacy import))37Atrial contribution to ventricular filling2022 (Unknown (legacy import))38Third heart sound2022 (Unknown (legacy import))39What is the difference between S3 and S4 heart sounds in terms of cause and clinical significance?2022 (Unknown (legacy import))40Write a short essay on ejection fraction. Define, give normal values, and explain its clinical significance.2022 (Unknown (legacy import))41What causes the dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure waveform?2022 (Unknown (legacy import))42Isovolumetric relaxation2023 (Unknown (legacy import))43What are the two phases during which all four cardiac valves are simultaneously closed?2023 (Unknown (legacy import))44What is the normal ejection fraction? Below what value is it considered significantly reduced?2023 (Unknown (legacy import))45Describe the pressure-volume loop of the left ventricle. How does it change with increased afterload?2023 (Unknown (legacy import))46Dicrotic notch2023 (Unknown (legacy import))47End systolic volume2024 (Unknown (legacy import))48Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the shortest?2024 (Unknown (legacy import))49Cannon a wave in JVP2024 (Unknown (legacy import))50What is the duration of the cardiac cycle at a heart rate of 75 bpm? How does it change at 100 bpm?2024 (Unknown (legacy import))51Describe the methods of measurement of cardiac output. Explain Fick's principle in detail with relevant calculations.2019 (Unknown (legacy import))52Swan-Ganz catheter.2020 (Unknown (legacy import))53Preload and afterload — definitions and clinical importance.2020 (Unknown (legacy import))54Factors affecting heart rate.2020 (Unknown (legacy import))55Cardiac output in pregnancy.2021 (Unknown (legacy import))56Define cardiac output. Discuss the factors that regulate stroke volume. Explain the concept of cardiac index and its clinical significance.2021 (Unknown (legacy import))57Role of sympathetic nervous system in regulation of cardiac output.2021 (Unknown (legacy import))58A-V oxygen difference.2021 (Unknown (legacy import))59Treppe effect / Bowditch phenomenon.2021 (Unknown (legacy import))60High output cardiac failure — causes and mechanism.2021 (Unknown (legacy import))61Homeometric autoregulation.2022 (Unknown (legacy import))62Cardiogenic shock — definition and CO changes.2022 (Unknown (legacy import))63Oxygen delivery (DO₂).2022 (Unknown (legacy import))64Explain Frank-Starling's law of the heart. Describe the factors affecting venous return and their role in regulating cardiac output.2022 (Unknown (legacy import))65Write about the regulation of cardiac output. Explain intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms with appropriate diagrams.2022 (Unknown (legacy import))66Anrep effect and Bowditch effect.2022 (Unknown (legacy import))67Cardiac output during exercise.2022 (Unknown (legacy import))68Ejection fraction — normal value and clinical relevance.2022 (Unknown (legacy import))69Factors increasing venous return.2023 (Unknown (legacy import))70Describe cardiac output — definition, normal values, determinants, and regulation. Add a note on measurement of cardiac output by Fick's principle.2023 (Unknown (legacy import))71Guyton's venous return curve and its significance.2023 (Unknown (legacy import))72End-diastolic volume.2023 (Unknown (legacy import))73Dye dilution method.2023 (Unknown (legacy import))74Thermodilution method of measuring cardiac output.2023 (Unknown (legacy import))75Heterometric autoregulation.2023 (Unknown (legacy import))76Cardiac index — definition and clinical significance.2024 (Unknown (legacy import))77Mean systemic filling pressure.2024 (Unknown (legacy import))78Frank-Starling law of the heart.2024 (Unknown (legacy import))79Fick's principle.2024 (Unknown (legacy import))80Stroke volume — determinants.2024 (Unknown (legacy import))
Paper I
11 Sessions
Paper II
13 Sessions
Unspecified paper (legacy import — needs verification)
20 Sessions
2021 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2021 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2022 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2022 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2023 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2024 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2024 January (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2025 January (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2025 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2026 January (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2022 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2022 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2023 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2024 January (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2024 October (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)
0 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
2024 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2024 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)
0 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
2025 November (Supplementary (SAY)) (2024 Scheme)
0 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
2025 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2025 January (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2025 August (Supplementary) (2024 Scheme)
0 Questions · 100 marks · 180 min
2026 January (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)
0 Questions · 50 marks · 180 min
2013 (Unknown (legacy import))
1 Question
2014 (Unknown (legacy import))
1 Question
2015 (Unknown (legacy import))
2 Questions
2016 (Unknown (legacy import))
3 Questions
2017 (Unknown (legacy import))
5 Questions
Questions5
Write an essay on the cardiac cycle. Include: phases, heart sounds, jugular venous pulse waveform, and clinical significance of ejection fraction.Write a short essay on the fourth heart sound. State its physiological basis and conditions in which it is heard.What is the physiological significance of the x descent in JVP?What is cardiac output? How is it calculated? What is the normal value?Pressure-volume loop — areas and what they represent
2018 (Unknown (legacy import))
4 Questions
2019 (Unknown (legacy import))
6 Questions
Questions6
What happens to diastole during tachycardia and what is the clinical significance of this?Cardiac reserveDescribe the phases of the cardiac cycle. Explain the pressure and volume changes in the left ventricle during each phase with reference to the Wiggers diagram.Describe the Frank-Starling law. Explain its role during exercise and in cardiac failure.Define preload and afterload. How does each affect stroke volume?End diastolic volume
2019 (Unknown (legacy import))
1 Question
2020 (Unknown (legacy import))
3 Questions
2020 (Unknown (legacy import))
6 Questions
Questions6
During which phase does the mitral valve open, and what is the pressure condition required for this to occur?What is the normal LV end diastolic pressure? How does it change in left ventricular failure?Write a note on isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation. What is the significance of these phases?Ejection fraction — definition and clinical significancey descent in JVPWhat is a cannon a wave? In which conditions is it seen?
2021 (Unknown (legacy import))
6 Questions
Questions6
Role of sympathetic nervous system in regulation of cardiac output.Define cardiac output. Discuss the factors that regulate stroke volume. Explain the concept of cardiac index and its clinical significance.Treppe effect / Bowditch phenomenon.A-V oxygen difference.High output cardiac failure — causes and mechanism.Cardiac output in pregnancy.
2021 (Unknown (legacy import))
6 Questions
Questions6
Stroke workWhat is the Frank-Starling law? What is its physiological basis?What change in the JVP waveform occurs in atrial fibrillation and why?Describe the JVP waveform and correlate each component with the events of the cardiac cycle.What is the normal stroke volume and how is it calculated?Physiological splitting of S2
2022 (Unknown (legacy import))
6 Questions
Questions6
Oxygen delivery (DO₂).Cardiac output during exercise.Ejection fraction — normal value and clinical relevance.Anrep effect and Bowditch effect.Explain Frank-Starling's law of the heart. Describe the factors affecting venous return and their role in regulating cardiac output.Homeometric autoregulation.
2022 (Unknown (legacy import))
7 Questions
Questions7
Third heart soundDescribe the cardiac cycle with a suitable diagram. Include pressure changes, volume changes, valve events, and heart sounds.What is the difference between S3 and S4 heart sounds in terms of cause and clinical significance?What does the area enclosed by the pressure-volume loop represent?What causes the dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure waveform?Write a short essay on ejection fraction. Define, give normal values, and explain its clinical significance.Atrial contribution to ventricular filling
2022 (Unknown (legacy import))
2 Questions
2023 (Unknown (legacy import))
6 Questions
Questions6
2023 (Unknown (legacy import))
5 Questions
Questions5
Isovolumetric relaxationDicrotic notchWhat is the normal ejection fraction? Below what value is it considered significantly reduced?What are the two phases during which all four cardiac valves are simultaneously closed?Describe the pressure-volume loop of the left ventricle. How does it change with increased afterload?
2023 (Unknown (legacy import))
1 Question
2024 (Unknown (legacy import))
4 Questions
2024 (Unknown (legacy import))
5 Questions
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