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Paper II — 2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) — Q3

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Paper II
2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)

Question

Penicillin

Q33 marksShort Notes

Answer

Penicillin (Penicillin G) is the prototype beta-lactam antibiotic.

MOA: penicillin → structurally mimics the terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine of the peptidoglycan precursor → binds and irreversibly inhibits penicillin-binding proteins (transpeptidase enzymes) → blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking → structurally weakened cell wall → osmotic lysis (bactericidal, most effective against actively dividing organisms). Selective toxicity is essentially absolute, since human cells have no cell wall/PBP target at all.

Uses: Streptococcus pyogenes infections, syphilis (still first-line despite its age, given the organism’s persisting exquisite susceptibility), meningococcal infections.

Adverse effects: hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylaxis — the most clinically significant risk), Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction when treating syphilis (rapid spirochete lysis releasing pyrogens). Narrow spectrum and beta-lactamase susceptibility limit its use against many contemporary pathogens.

  1. 1Beta Lactam Antibiotics

Other Years Asked

  1. 1(2022 February (2019 Scheme)Essay · 12 marks
  2. 2Enumerate Cephalosporins. Describe their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of third generation Cephalosporins. (4+4)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  3. 3(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  4. 4Enumerate the antibiotics which act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Mention the detailed mechanism of action of any one of them on bacterial cell wall synthesis. Add a note on beta lactamase inhibitors (2 + 2 +2 = 6)2014 March (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  5. 5Classify cephalosporins. Describe the mechanism of action and clinical uses of ceftriaxone. Which drug can be combined with amoxicillin to treat infection due to beta lactamase producing staph. aureus. ( 2+1+2+1 = 6)2016 February (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  6. 6Classify beta lactam antibiotics. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of ceftriaxone. (2+2+1+1)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  7. 7Classify cephalosporins. Mention the mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses of third generation cephalosporin. (2+2+2=6)2017 February (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  8. 8A 50 years old lady complains of pain in the throat and has been diagnosed to have streptococcal tonsillitis. Answer the following:2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  9. 9Mention Two drugs which can be given to treat enteric fever. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of any one. (2+4)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  10. 104th generation cephalosporins2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  11. 11III generation cephalosporin2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  12. 12Second generation cephalosporins and its uses.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  13. 13Beta-Lactamase inhibitors2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  14. 14Specify the important spectrum of ciprofloxacin.2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  15. 15Anti pseudomonal drugs2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  16. 16Metronidazole and ceftriaxone for brain abscess2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  17. 17Cotrimoxazole is NOT effective against infections caused by:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  18. 18Use of Clavulanic acid with Amoxicillin.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  19. 19Combination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  20. 20Assertion (A): Vancomycin is used primarily to treat infections caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Reason (R): Vancomycin inhibits the formation of bacterial cell walls by binding to D-alanyl- D-alanine, a component of the peptidoglycan precursor.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark
  21. 21Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  22. 22Pharmacological basis for combining beta lactamase inhibitors with beta lactam antibiotics.2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  23. 23The potent inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections is:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  24. 24Gentamicin2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  25. 25Mention anti pseudomonal penicillins2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  26. 26Cilastatin with Imipenem2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  27. 27Gram negative septicemia2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  28. 28Clavulanic acid with Amoxicillin2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  29. 29Tocolytics2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  30. 30Antipseudomonal cephalosporins2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  31. 31Third generation cephalosporins2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  32. 32 Fourth generation cephalosporins in MRSA infection2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  33. 33Drugs effective against both gram positive & gram negative organisms2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  34. 34Anti-seborrheic agents2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  35. 35Iron chelators2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  36. 36Anticancer antibiotics2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  37. 37Drugs used in Penicillinase producing staphylococcal infections.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks

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