Question
(
- (a) Mechanism of action therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Amphotericin B.
( 4 mark(s)
- (b) Briefly describe Anti-thyroid drugs 4 mark(s)
Q38 marksShort Essays
Answer
a) Amphotericin B — mechanism, therapeutic uses, adverse effects
MOA: binds ergosterol directly in the fungal cell membrane, forming pores that disrupt membrane integrity and cause leakage of intracellular contents — fungicidal. Selectivity depends on ergosterol-versus-cholesterol binding preference, real but imperfect (residual cholesterol affinity, particularly in renal tubular cells). Uses: severe systemic/invasive fungal infections (invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis), visceral leishmaniasis (particularly liposomal formulation). Adverse effects: nephrotoxicity (dose-limiting), infusion-related reactions (fever, chills, rigors), hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia. Liposomal formulations reduce off-target renal binding while preserving efficacy.
b) Anti-thyroid drugs
- Thioamides (Carbimazole, Methimazole, Propylthiouracil) — inhibit thyroid peroxidase, blocking oxidation/organification of iodide and coupling of iodotyrosines; PTU additionally blocks peripheral T4-to-T3 conversion.
- Iodides (Lugol’s iodine) — Wolff-Chaikoff effect, used pre-operatively to reduce gland vascularity.
- Radioactive iodine (I-131) — concentrates in thyroid tissue, causing localized destruction; definitive treatment for Graves’ disease.
- Beta-blockers (Propranolol) — symptomatic adjunct for adrenergic symptoms, also blocks peripheral T4-to-T3 conversion at high doses.
- 1Antifungal Drugs
Other Years Asked
- 1Classify antifungal drugs. Explain the mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects of Amphotericin B.
Add a note on the various liposomal formulations of Amphotericin B (2+6+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
- 2(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
- 3A 60 years old woman with diabetes complains of thickening and yellowish
discoloration of right big toe. The physician diagnosed it as onychomycosis of toe nail.
What are the drugs useful in treatment of this patient. Explain the mechanism of
action and adverse effects of any one drug. (2+2+2)2018 February (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
- 4Triazole Antifungal agents.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
- 5Fluconazole2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
- 6Griseofulvin2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
- 7Itraconazole2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
- 8Azole antifungals2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
- 9Amphotericin B.2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
- 10Amphotericin B.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
- 11The mechanism of action of the drug terbinafine is:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
- 12Uses of azole antifungal agents2016 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
- 13Two differences between ketoconazole and fluconazole2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
- 14Amphotericin B2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
- 15Griseofulvin2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
- 16Topical antifungal agents2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
- 17Dermatophytosis.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
- 18Systemic antifungal drugs2013 April (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
- 19Topical anti fungals2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
- 20Azole antifungals2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
- 21 Miconazole in candida albicans2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
- 22Triazole antifungal drugs2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
- 23Topical antifungal agents.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks
- 24Topical antifungal agents2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks
