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Paper I — 2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) — Q3

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Paper I
2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · 40 marks · 120 min

Question

Monoclonal antibodies and its application in clinical microbiology

Q35 marksShort Essays

Answer

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are antibodies of a single specificity, derived from a single clone of B cells, all identical in structure and directed against one specific epitope — in contrast to polyclonal antisera, which contain a heterogeneous mixture of antibodies against multiple epitopes.

Production (hybridoma technology — Köhler and Milstein): a mouse is immunized with the antigen of interest; antibody-secreting B (plasma) cells are harvested from its spleen and fused with an immortal myeloma cell line (using polyethylene glycol) to form hybridoma cells, which combine the antibody specificity of the B cell with the immortal, continuously dividing nature of the myeloma cell. Fused hybridomas are selected using HAT medium (hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine, which kills unfused myeloma cells while fused hybridomas survive using the B cell’s salvage pathway enzymes), then individual hybridoma clones are screened and expanded to mass-produce a single, highly specific antibody.

Applications in clinical microbiology:

  • Diagnostic immunoassays — ELISA, immunofluorescence, and rapid antigen-detection kits use monoclonal antibodies for highly specific detection of microbial antigens (e.g., detecting specific viral antigens, bacterial toxins, or surface markers).
  • Serotyping/strain identification — monoclonal antibodies against specific surface antigens allow precise serotyping of bacteria and viruses.
  • Flow cytometry — monoclonal antibodies against CD markers are used to enumerate lymphocyte subsets (e.g., CD4 T-cell counts in HIV monitoring).
  • Passive immunotherapy — monoclonal antibody preparations against specific pathogens/toxins (e.g., anti-RSV monoclonal palivizumab for prophylaxis, anti-toxin monoclonals) provide targeted passive immunity.
  • Point-of-care rapid diagnostic tests — monoclonal-antibody-based lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (e.g., rapid malaria antigen tests, rapid antigen tests for various infections) exploit their high specificity for field-deployable diagnosis.
  1. 1General Properties of Viruses and Virus Host Interaction

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  12. 12Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B virus Infection2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  13. 13Markers of hepatitis B virus and lab. diagnosis of hepatitis B infection.2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  14. 14Active immunity.2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  15. 15General characters of viruses2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  16. 16Monoclonal antibodies.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  17. 17Describe immunoglobulin G (IgG)2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  18. 18Compare and contrast active and passive immunity.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  19. 19Monoclonal antibody and its application2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  20. 20Immunoglobulin G (IgG)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  21. 21Tzanck smear.2022 February (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  22. 22Secondary immune response2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
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  24. 24PCR – Principle2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
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  26. 26Respiratory Syncytial virus.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  27. 27Write the applications of ELISA test2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  28. 28Modes of transmission and laboratory diagnosis of Monkey pox (M Pox)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
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  30. 30Human papilloma virus and the role of vaccines2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 3 marks
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  32. 32Adjuvant.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  33. 33Coxsackie viruses.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  34. 34Give two examples of antiviral drugs.2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  35. 35Adjuvant2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  36. 36Papilloma virus2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  37. 37Prions2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  38. 38Eclipse phase in viral replication.2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  39. 39Polio vaccines2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  40. 40Monoclonal antibodies and its TWO applications2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  41. 41Pulse polio programme.2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  42. 42Continuous cell lines2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
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  44. 44Active immunity.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  45. 45Cytopathic effect (CPE)2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  46. 46Hepatitis B vaccine2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  47. 47Significance of p24 antigen.2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  48. 48Hereditary angioneurotic edema2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  49. 49Primary cell culture2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  50. 50Natural passive immunity2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  51. 51Opportunistic viral infections in AIDS patients.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  52. 52Virus cultivation by cell culture method.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  53. 53Secretory IgA2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  54. 54Gamma interferon.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  55. 55Koch’s postulates.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  56. 56Clinical significance of IgM2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  57. 57Tissue culture2016 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  58. 58Aseptic meningitis2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  59. 59Adjuvants2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  60. 60MMR vaccine.2013 April (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  61. 61IgA2018 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  62. 62Elusion2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  63. 63Pulse polio programme2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  64. 64Gamma interferon.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  65. 65Gene therapy2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  66. 66Incubation period.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  67. 67Name two acute inflammatory markers.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  68. 68Window period in HIV infection2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  69. 69Cell cultures for growing viruses2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  70. 70Tissue cell line culture2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  71. 71Immunofluorescence.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  72. 72Morphology of bacteriophage2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  73. 73Which of the following can be used to cultivate viruses2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  74. 74Regarding the laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  75. 75A: B lymphocytes have immunological memory. R: Helper T lymphocytes help B lymphocytes make antibodies2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  76. 76Name four contributions of Louis Pasteur2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  77. 77Hand foot and mouth disease is NOT caused by2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  78. 78Define acute phase reactants. Give one example.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  79. 79Western blot test for HIV2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  80. 80Name any two viruses causing diarrhoeal disease2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  81. 81A: Window period in HIV infection is from entry of virus to appearance of symptoms. R: Guidelines for HIV testing in India have been laid down by National AIDS Control Organisation.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
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  85. 85What is the role of memory cells in immune response.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark

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