Revise MBBS

Paper I — 2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) — Q2

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Paper I
2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 100 marks · 180 min

Question

(

  • (a) Enumerate four drug groups used to treat Hypertension with two examples each. ( 4 mark(s)
  • (b) Write the mechanism of action uses and adverse effects of any one group. ( 3 mark(s)
  • (c) Describe the drugs used in management of Acute Myocardial infarction with rationale for use of each drug 8 mark(s)
Q215 marksEssays

Answer

a) Four antihypertensive drug groups, two examples each

GroupExamples
DiureticsHydrochlorothiazide, Furosemide
ACE inhibitorsEnalapril, Ramipril
Calcium channel blockersAmlodipine, Verapamil
Beta-blockersAtenolol, Metoprolol

b) One group in detail — ACE inhibitors Mechanism: block angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II formation → ↓vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion → ↓peripheral resistance and ↓sodium/water retention; also reduce bradykinin breakdown. Uses: hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, post-MI. Adverse effects: dry cough, hyperkalemia, first-dose hypotension, angioedema, teratogenicity, acute renal failure in bilateral renal artery stenosis.

c) Management of acute myocardial infarction, with rationale

  • Morphine — analgesia, reduces sympathetic drive/anxiety and myocardial oxygen demand, venodilation reduces preload.
  • Oxygen (if hypoxic) — corrects hypoxia.
  • Sublingual/IV Nitrates — venodilation reduces preload, relieves ischemic pain (avoided if hypotensive).
  • Aspirin (chewed, 325 mg) — immediate irreversible antiplatelet effect.
  • P2Y12 inhibitor (Clopidogrel/Ticagrelor) — dual antiplatelet therapy.
  • Heparin/LMWH — prevents thrombus propagation.
  • Beta-blocker — reduces myocardial O2 demand and arrhythmia risk (if not contraindicated).
  • High-intensity statin — plaque stabilization.
  • ACE inhibitor — limits remodeling, especially with LV dysfunction.
  • Reperfusion: primary PCI (preferred) or thrombolysis if PCI unavailable within 90-120 minutes — restores coronary blood flow, the single most outcome-determining intervention.
  1. 1Antihypertensives

Other Years Asked

  1. 196 mm Hg. Diagnosis was essential hypertension (2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Essay · 15 marks
  2. 2Classify Diuretics. Briefly describe Frusemide. (4+4)2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  3. 3(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  4. 4Enumerate five groups of anti- hypertensive drugs with examples of each. Discuss the mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of any one of them. (2+2+1+1)2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  5. 5Classify antihypertensive. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of ACE inhibitors. (3+3)2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  6. 6Classify drugs used in hypertension with TWO examples each. Briefly describe any one group with its mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects (4+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  7. 7(2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  8. 8Classify antihypertensive drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. (2+2+1+1)2018 February (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  9. 9Classify Antihypertensive drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Amlodipine. (3+3)2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  10. 10Explain the pharmacological basis for using diuretics in hypertension with an example. Mention two antihypertensives used in pregnancy. (3+1)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  11. 11Ramipril2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  12. 12Furosemide.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  13. 13Telmisartan2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  14. 14Ramipril2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  15. 15Sodium nitroprusside.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  16. 16Sodium nitroprusside2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  17. 17Furosemide2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  18. 18Frusemide2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  19. 19Losartan.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  20. 20Losartan2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  21. 21Enalapril2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  22. 22Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in congestive cardiac failure2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  23. 23Hypertensive emergencies.2016 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  24. 24Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  25. 25Hypertensive emergencies.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  26. 26Rationale for use of dantrolene sodium in malignant hypertension2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  27. 27Prevention of vertical transmission HIV infection2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  28. 28Anti hypertensives used in emergencies2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  29. 29Hypertensive emergency2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  30. 30Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  31. 31Aldosterone antagonists2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  32. 32Ergometrine in Postpartum Hemorhage (PPH) Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  33. 33 Verapamil in hypertension2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  34. 34amlodipine in hypertension with renal failure2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  35. 35Methylergometrine for induction of labour Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  36. 36Drugs for Hypertensive emergencies2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks
  37. 37 Methyl ergometrine in Postpartum hemorrhage. Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks
  38. 38 Ergometrine for Post-partum haemorrhage2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks

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