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Paper II — 2022 February (2019 Scheme) — Q6

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Paper II
2022 February (2019 Scheme) · 100 marks · 180 min

Question

Explain the reasons that helped successful eradication of smallpox.

Q68 marksShort Essays

Answer

Reasons for the successful eradication of smallpox (declared eradicated by WHO in 1980, the only human infectious disease eradicated to date):

  1. No animal reservoir — smallpox (Variola virus) infects only humans, with no non-human reservoir or vector maintaining transmission in nature, meaning that interrupting human-to-human transmission alone could eliminate the virus entirely.
  2. No asymptomatic carrier state — infected individuals were always symptomatic (with the characteristic rash) when infectious, making case identification straightforward and allowing targeted intervention without a hidden reservoir of silent transmitters.
  3. Distinctive, easily recognizable clinical presentation — the characteristic, uniform, centrifugally distributed vesicular/pustular rash allowed rapid clinical diagnosis and case identification even by relatively less specialized health workers, facilitating the “ring vaccination”/surveillance-containment strategy.
  4. Highly effective, stable vaccine — the smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine provided durable, long-lasting immunity, was heat-stable (an important practical advantage in tropical/resource-limited settings with limited cold-chain infrastructure), and produced a visible “take” (scar) confirming successful vaccination.
  5. No latency/reactivation — unlike some other viruses, Variola does not establish latent infection with later reactivation, so there was no risk of unpredictable resurgence from a previously infected but currently well individual.
  6. Single, antigenically stable virus — unlike influenza, Variola virus did not undergo significant antigenic variation, so a single, unchanging vaccine formulation remained effective throughout the eradication campaign.
  7. Effective global strategy and political commitment — the WHO’s intensified surveillance-containment (“ring vaccination”) strategy, coordinated international effort, adequate funding, and strong political will across affected countries were critical enabling factors.
  8. Short incubation period relative to the infectious period allowed for effective contact tracing and ring vaccination before onward transmission became widespread.
  1. 1General Properties of Viruses and Virus Host Interaction

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  47. 47Significance of p24 antigen.2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
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  49. 49Primary cell culture2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
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  61. 61IgA2018 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  62. 62Elusion2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
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  64. 64Gamma interferon.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
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