Paper II
Question
Name two liver flukes
Answer
Two liver flukes:
- Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke) — a large trematode causing fascioliasis, transmitted by ingestion of aquatic vegetation (e.g., watercress) contaminated with infective metacercariae; adult flukes reside in the bile ducts, causing biliary obstruction, cholangitis, and hepatomegaly.
- Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese/oriental liver fluke) — transmitted by ingestion of undercooked/raw freshwater fish containing metacercariae; adult flukes reside in the bile ducts, and chronic infection is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
(Other valid example: Opisthorchis viverrini, similarly fish-borne and associated with cholangiocarcinoma risk in Southeast Asia.)