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Paper II — 2017 February (2010 Scheme) — Q2

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Paper II
2017 February (2010 Scheme) · 40 marks · 120 min

Question

Classify cephalosporins. Mention the mechanism of action, adverse effects and uses of third generation cephalosporin. (2+2+2=6)

Q26 marksEssays

Answer

Classification of cephalosporins

  • First generation: Cefazolin, Cephalexin
  • Second generation: Cefuroxime, Cefaclor
  • Third generation: Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime
  • Fourth generation: Cefepime
  • Fifth generation: Ceftaroline

Mechanism of action (third generation, e.g., Ceftriaxone)

  • Binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), inhibiting bacterial cell wall transpeptidation (peptidoglycan cross-linking) — bactericidal, mainly against actively dividing bacteria

Adverse effects

  • Hypersensitivity reactions (cross-reactivity with penicillin allergy in some patients)
  • GI upset, diarrhoea
  • Biliary sludging (ceftriaxone, at high doses/prolonged use)
  • Nephrotoxicity (less than aminoglycosides)
  • Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol (some agents)

Uses

  • Meningitis (good CSF penetration)
  • Gonorrhoea (ceftriaxone, single-dose IM)
  • Typhoid fever
  • Community-acquired pneumonia, complicated UTIs
  • Broad Gram-negative and good Gram-positive cover, useful for sepsis/surgical prophylaxis
  1. 1Beta Lactam Antibiotics

Other Years Asked

  1. 1(2022 February (2019 Scheme)Essay · 12 marks
  2. 2Enumerate Cephalosporins. Describe their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of third generation Cephalosporins. (4+4)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  3. 3(2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  4. 4Enumerate the antibiotics which act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Mention the detailed mechanism of action of any one of them on bacterial cell wall synthesis. Add a note on beta lactamase inhibitors (2 + 2 +2 = 6)2014 March (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  5. 5Classify cephalosporins. Describe the mechanism of action and clinical uses of ceftriaxone. Which drug can be combined with amoxicillin to treat infection due to beta lactamase producing staph. aureus. ( 2+1+2+1 = 6)2016 February (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  6. 6Classify beta lactam antibiotics. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of ceftriaxone. (2+2+1+1)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  7. 7A 50 years old lady complains of pain in the throat and has been diagnosed to have streptococcal tonsillitis. Answer the following:2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  8. 8Mention Two drugs which can be given to treat enteric fever. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of any one. (2+4)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  9. 94th generation cephalosporins2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  10. 10III generation cephalosporin2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  11. 11Second generation cephalosporins and its uses.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  12. 12Penicillin2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  13. 13Beta-Lactamase inhibitors2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  14. 14Specify the important spectrum of ciprofloxacin.2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  15. 15Anti pseudomonal drugs2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  16. 16Metronidazole and ceftriaxone for brain abscess2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  17. 17Cotrimoxazole is NOT effective against infections caused by:2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  18. 18Use of Clavulanic acid with Amoxicillin.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  19. 19Combination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  20. 20Assertion (A): Vancomycin is used primarily to treat infections caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Reason (R): Vancomycin inhibits the formation of bacterial cell walls by binding to D-alanyl- D-alanine, a component of the peptidoglycan precursor.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark
  21. 21Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  22. 22Pharmacological basis for combining beta lactamase inhibitors with beta lactam antibiotics.2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  23. 23The potent inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections is:2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  24. 24Gentamicin2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  25. 25Mention anti pseudomonal penicillins2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  26. 26Cilastatin with Imipenem2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  27. 27Gram negative septicemia2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  28. 28Clavulanic acid with Amoxicillin2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  29. 29Tocolytics2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  30. 30Antipseudomonal cephalosporins2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  31. 31Third generation cephalosporins2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  32. 32 Fourth generation cephalosporins in MRSA infection2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  33. 33Drugs effective against both gram positive & gram negative organisms2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  34. 34Anti-seborrheic agents2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  35. 35Iron chelators2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  36. 36Anticancer antibiotics2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  37. 37Drugs used in Penicillinase producing staphylococcal infections.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks

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