Question
(
- (a) Insulin analogs (
- (b) ORS
Answer
a) Insulin analogs Recombinant insulins with amino-acid substitutions altering onset/duration to mimic physiological secretion more closely than regular/NPH insulin. Rapid-acting (Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine) — faster absorption, dosed with meals. Long-acting (Glargine, Detemir, Degludec) — smooth, peakless basal profile, once-daily dosing, less nocturnal hypoglycemia than NPH. Advantages: closer physiological mimicry, greater dosing flexibility, reduced hypoglycemia risk.
b) Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) A glucose-electrolyte solution exploiting the sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) in the intestinal brush border, which remains functional even during acute secretory diarrhea (unlike simple water/electrolyte absorption, which is impaired) — glucose co-transport actively drags sodium (and water) across the gut wall alongside it. Composition (WHO formula): sodium chloride, potassium chloride, trisodium citrate, and glucose in a specific osmolarity-balanced ratio. Use: first-line management of dehydration from acute diarrhea, avoiding the need for IV fluids in most cases — a simple, low-cost intervention with major global child-mortality impact.