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Paper I — 2013 April (2010 Scheme) — Q3

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Paper I
2013 April (2010 Scheme) · 40 marks · 180 min

Question

Calcium channel blockers

Q33 marksShort Notes

Answer

Classification

  • Dihydropyridines (DHPs): Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Nimodipine, Nicardipine
  • Non-DHPs — Phenylalkylamines: Verapamil
  • Non-DHPs — Benzothiazepines: Diltiazem

Mechanism of action

  • Block voltage-gated L-type calcium channels
  • DHPs act predominantly on vascular smooth muscle → vasodilatation
  • Verapamil and diltiazem act on both vascular smooth muscle and myocardium/SA-AV node → reduce heart rate, contractility, and AV conduction in addition to vasodilatation

Uses

  • Hypertension (DHPs, especially amlodipine)
  • Angina pectoris (all classes)
  • Cardiac arrhythmias — supraventricular tachycardia (verapamil, diltiazem)
  • Nimodipine — cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage

Adverse effects

  • Flushing, headache, ankle oedema (DHPs)
  • Reflex tachycardia (DHPs)
  • Bradycardia, AV block, constipation (verapamil)
  • Gingival hyperplasia (long-term use)
  1. 1Antiarrhythmic Drugs

Other Years Asked

  1. 1Classify beta blockers with one example for each. Mention the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of propranolol (2+2+2=6)2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  2. 2Enumerate β blockers. Explain any six uses and two contraindications of β blockers (2+3+1=6)2014 March (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  3. 3Propranolol2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  4. 4Supraventricular arrhythmias2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  5. 5Assertion (A): Quinidine can cause QT prolongation. Reason (R): Class IA drugs have maximum sodium channel blocking effect.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)MCQ (A/R) · 1 mark
  6. 6Verapamil in paroxysmal supra ventricular tachycardia2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  7. 7Assertion (A): Lignocaine is one of the preferred drugs in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Reason (R): Lignocaine is a blocker of inactivated Na+ channels more than that of open state. It is relatively selective for partially depolarized cells and those with longer action potential duration.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  8. 8Used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation2018 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  9. 9Verapamil2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  10. 10Supra ventricular tachycardia.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  11. 11Drugs for Paroxysmal Supra Ventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  12. 12Nifedipine in supra ventricular arrhythmias Name the following (Two examples for each): (5x1=5)2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks

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