Question
Heparin
Answer
Heparin is a rapidly-acting parenteral anticoagulant.
MOA: heparin → binds and potentiates antithrombin III (up to 1000-fold) → inactivates thrombin (IIa) and factor Xa (unfractionated heparin inactivates both; low molecular weight heparins act predominantly on Xa) → prevents further clot propagation.
Uses: prophylaxis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, acute coronary syndrome, during surgery/cardiopulmonary bypass, pregnancy (does not cross the placenta, unlike warfarin).
Adverse effects: bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (immune-mediated, paradoxically prothrombotic), osteoporosis with long-term use. Monitored by aPTT; protamine sulfate is the antidote (fully reverses unfractionated heparin, only partially reverses LMWH).
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