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Paper II — 2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) — Q2

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Paper II
2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)

Question

What are the different types of oral contraceptive pills available. Describe the mechanism of action and adverse effects of combined oral contraceptive pills.(2+2+2)

Q26 marksEssays

Answer

Types of oral contraceptive pills

  • Combined oral contraceptive pills (oestrogen + progestin) — monophasic, biphasic, triphasic
  • Progestin-only pills (“mini-pill”)
  • Emergency contraceptive pills (high-dose levonorgestrel)
  • Centchroman (non-steroidal SERM-based, weekly pill)

Mechanism of action of combined OCPs

  • Oestrogen suppresses FSH secretion (inhibits follicular development) and stabilizes the endometrium
  • Progestin suppresses LH secretion (inhibits ovulation), thickens cervical mucus (impairs sperm penetration), and makes the endometrium unfavourable for implantation
  • Together, they reliably suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, preventing ovulation

Adverse effects

  • Thromboembolism (DVT/PE)
  • Increased risk of MI/stroke (especially smokers >35 years, hypertensives)
  • Hypertension
  • Hepatic adenoma/cholestatic jaundice
  • Gallstones
  • Breakthrough bleeding, weight gain, mood changes
  • Small increased risk of breast/cervical cancer (with reduced risk of ovarian/endometrial cancer)
  1. 1Gonadal Hormones and Related Drugs

Other Years Asked

  1. 1Classify uterine stimulants and relaxants with suitable examples. Explain the rationale for the use of oxytocin in prevention of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). (4+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  2. 2A recently married woman comes to your clinic with complaints of calf tenderness. She says she has been using a tablet for preventing pregnancy.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 4 marks
  3. 3Enumerate SERMs. Write in detail about any one member. (2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  4. 4(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  5. 5Uses of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  6. 6Pharmacological basis for the use of Tamoxifen in Carcinoma Breast.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  7. 7Classify the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) and explain the pharmacological basis of their clinical indications.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  8. 8Mention two anabolic steroids. Enumerate the uses and adverse effects of anabolic steroids.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  9. 9Briefly describe combined Oral Contraceptive Pills. Add a note on emergency contraception. (3+1)2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  10. 10Serious adverse effects produced by oral contraceptive pills2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  11. 11Raloxifene2018 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  12. 12Post coital contraceptives2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  13. 13Mifepristone2013 April (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  14. 14Clomiphene citrate.2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  15. 15Clomiphene citrate.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  16. 16Clomiphene citrate2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  17. 17Mifepristone in termination of pregnancy2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  18. 18Raloxifene2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  19. 19Letrozole in early breast cancer2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  20. 20Selective estrogen receptor modulators2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  21. 21Letrozole in breast cancer after surgery2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  22. 22Tocolytics2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  23. 23Selective estrogen receptor modulators2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  24. 24Assertion (A): Sildenafil is used in male sexual dysfunction. Reason (R): Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor causes accumulation of cGMP and marked potentiation of actions of nitric oxide.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  25. 25Uterine relaxants2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  26. 26Rationale of estrogen in hormone replacement therapy2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  27. 27Treatment of Female Infertility.2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  28. 28Clomiphene citrate.2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  29. 29Uterine relaxants2013 April (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  30. 30Two uses and two adverse effects of oral contraceptive pills2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  31. 31Uterine stimulants2013 April (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  32. 32Uterine stimulants2016 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  33. 33Centchroman2016 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  34. 34Ovulation inhibitors2018 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  35. 35Combination of Oestrogen and Progesterone in Oral contraceptive pills2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  36. 36Anabolic steroids2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  37. 37Raloxifene is used in the treatment of Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  38. 38Rationale for the combination of oestrogen and progesterone in OCPs.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  39. 39Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  40. 40Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM)2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  41. 41Topical steroids2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  42. 42Mini pill as oral contraception Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  43. 43Selective estrogen receptor modulators2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  44. 44Antiestrogens2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  45. 45Anabolic steroids2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  46. 46Anti-progestins2022 February (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks
  47. 47Anabolic steroids.2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks
  48. 48Antioestrogens.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks
  49. 49Drugs for Emergency contraception2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks
  50. 50Anabolic steroids2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks

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