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Paper I — 2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) — Q6

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Paper I
2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 100 marks · 180 min

Question

Discuss applications of monoclonal antibodies.

Q68 marksShort Essays

Answer

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs): antibodies produced by a single clone of B lymphocytes (or, industrially, by hybridoma technology — fusing an antibody-producing B cell with an immortal myeloma cell), and therefore identical in structure and directed against a single, specific epitope.

Applications of monoclonal antibodies:

  1. Diagnostic applications

    • Immunoassays (ELISA, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry) for detecting specific antigens/pathogens with high specificity (e.g., rapid antigen tests for infections, tumour marker assays).
    • Blood group typing and cross-matching reagents.
    • Flow cytometry — identifying and quantifying specific cell surface markers (e.g., CD4 count in HIV monitoring, leukaemia/lymphoma immunophenotyping).

  2. Therapeutic applications

    • Cancer therapy — targeting tumour-specific antigens (e.g., Rituximab against CD20 in B-cell lymphoma; Trastuzumab against HER2 in breast cancer).
    • Autoimmune/inflammatory disease — e.g., Infliximab/Adalimumab (anti-TNF-α) in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
    • Transplant rejection prevention — e.g., Muromonab-CD3 (anti-CD3), used historically to prevent/treat acute organ transplant rejection.
    • Infectious disease — e.g., Palivizumab, used for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in high-risk infants; monoclonal antibody cocktails used in some viral infections (e.g., COVID-19, Ebola).
    • Passive immunization — providing immediate, targeted antibody-mediated protection in specific high-risk clinical scenarios.

  3. Research applications

    • Identification and characterization of cell surface receptors/antigens.
    • Tools for protein purification (immunoaffinity chromatography) and molecular biology techniques (Western blotting).

Advantages of monoclonal over polyclonal antibodies: high specificity for a single epitope (reducing cross-reactivity), reproducible/consistent from batch to batch, and can be produced in unlimited quantity once a hybridoma cell line is established.

  1. 1General Properties of Viruses and Virus Host Interaction

Other Years Asked

  1. 1A 40-year-old diabetic man came to medicine O.P with fever, shortness of breath. His family members also give history of fever and sore throat. His oxygen saturation was low and chest x-ray showed diffuse infiltration (2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Essay · 11 marks
  2. 2A 20-year-old female with history of multiple blood transfusions presents to outpatient department with fever, malaise, nausea vomiting and yellowish discoloration of urine. The blood examination showed elevated bilirubin and liver enzymes and positive for HBs Ag2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  3. 3A 40-year-old previously healthy adult, presented to the medicine outpatient department with malaise, fatigue, low grade fever, nausea and aversion to food. She complains of itching all over the body. She provides history of multiple blood transfusions following a road traffic accident eight months ago. The anti HBc IgM was positive. AST and ALT (Liver enzyme2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  4. 4Classify immunity. Add a note on passive immunity.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  5. 5Explain the reasons that helped successful eradication of smallpox.2022 February (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  6. 6List molecular methods used in laboratory diagnosis of infections. Briefly mention principle of each method. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method. (1+3+2+2)2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  7. 7What is virulence. List the different mechanisms of virulence in bacteria. Explain one of them in detail. (1+ 3+2)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  8. 8Classify immunity. Describe acquired immunity with examples (2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  9. 9Define pandemic. Name any four pandemics. Describe in detail strategies taken for their control. (1+2+3)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  10. 10Enumerate four common etiological agents for viral hemorrhagic fever. Describe the laboratory diagnosis for any one of them.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  11. 11Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B virus Infection2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  12. 12Markers of hepatitis B virus and lab. diagnosis of hepatitis B infection.2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  13. 13Active immunity.2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  14. 14General characters of viruses2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  15. 15Monoclonal antibodies and its application in clinical microbiology2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  16. 16Monoclonal antibodies.2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  17. 17Describe immunoglobulin G (IgG)2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  18. 18Compare and contrast active and passive immunity.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  19. 19Monoclonal antibody and its application2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  20. 20Immunoglobulin G (IgG)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  21. 21Tzanck smear.2022 February (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  22. 22Secondary immune response2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  23. 23Vaccine against Varicella zoster virus.2022 February (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  24. 24PCR – Principle2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  25. 25What are the laboratory tests available to detect Hepatitis C in a suspected patient2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  26. 26Respiratory Syncytial virus.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  27. 27Write the applications of ELISA test2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  28. 28Modes of transmission and laboratory diagnosis of Monkey pox (M Pox)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  29. 29Draw the structure of HIV and label. Add a note on its transmission (2.5+1.5)2022 February (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  30. 30Human papilloma virus and the role of vaccines2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 3 marks
  31. 31Coagulase test2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  32. 32Adjuvant.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  33. 33Coxsackie viruses.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  34. 34Give two examples of antiviral drugs.2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  35. 35Adjuvant2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  36. 36Papilloma virus2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  37. 37Prions2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  38. 38Eclipse phase in viral replication.2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  39. 39Polio vaccines2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  40. 40Monoclonal antibodies and its TWO applications2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  41. 41Pulse polio programme.2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  42. 42Continuous cell lines2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  43. 43Human papilloma virus2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  44. 44Active immunity.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  45. 45Cytopathic effect (CPE)2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  46. 46Hepatitis B vaccine2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  47. 47Significance of p24 antigen.2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  48. 48Hereditary angioneurotic edema2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  49. 49Primary cell culture2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  50. 50Natural passive immunity2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  51. 51Opportunistic viral infections in AIDS patients.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  52. 52Virus cultivation by cell culture method.2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  53. 53Secretory IgA2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  54. 54Gamma interferon.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  55. 55Koch’s postulates.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  56. 56Clinical significance of IgM2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  57. 57Tissue culture2016 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  58. 58Aseptic meningitis2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  59. 59Adjuvants2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  60. 60MMR vaccine.2013 April (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  61. 61IgA2018 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  62. 62Elusion2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  63. 63Pulse polio programme2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  64. 64Gamma interferon.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  65. 65Gene therapy2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  66. 66Incubation period.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  67. 67Name two acute inflammatory markers.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  68. 68Window period in HIV infection2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  69. 69Cell cultures for growing viruses2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  70. 70Tissue cell line culture2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  71. 71Immunofluorescence.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  72. 72Morphology of bacteriophage2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  73. 73Which of the following can be used to cultivate viruses2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  74. 74Regarding the laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  75. 75A: B lymphocytes have immunological memory. R: Helper T lymphocytes help B lymphocytes make antibodies2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  76. 76Name four contributions of Louis Pasteur2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  77. 77Hand foot and mouth disease is NOT caused by2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  78. 78Define acute phase reactants. Give one example.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  79. 79Western blot test for HIV2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  80. 80Name any two viruses causing diarrhoeal disease2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  81. 81A: Window period in HIV infection is from entry of virus to appearance of symptoms. R: Guidelines for HIV testing in India have been laid down by National AIDS Control Organisation.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  82. 82What is the likely clinical diagnosis2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  83. 83Name TWO tests used for diagnosis of HIV infection in window period.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  84. 84The protein which acts as virulence factor is the2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  85. 85What is the role of memory cells in immune response.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark

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