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Paper II — 2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) — Q12

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Paper II
2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme) · 100 marks · 180 min

Question

Classification of fungus with examples.

Q124 marksShort Answers

Answer

Classification of fungi (medically important, based on clinical presentation/site of infection):

  1. Superficial mycoses — involve only the outermost keratinized layer of skin/hair, with minimal host tissue reaction. Example: Malassezia furfur (pityriasis versicolor).
  2. Cutaneous mycoses (Dermatophytoses) — involve skin, hair, and nails (keratinized tissue), caused by dermatophytes. Examples: Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccosum.
  3. Subcutaneous mycoses — involve the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and sometimes bone, typically following traumatic inoculation. Examples: Sporothrix schenckii (sporotrichosis), Madurella mycetomatis (eumycetoma).
  4. Systemic (deep) mycoses — involve internal organs, often via inhalation, caused by dimorphic fungi. Examples: Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis.
  5. Opportunistic mycoses — cause disease primarily in immunocompromised hosts, otherwise of low inherent pathogenicity. Examples: Candida albicans (candidiasis), Aspergillus fumigatus (aspergillosis), Cryptococcus neoformans (cryptococcosis), Mucor/Rhizopus species (mucormycosis).

Alternative classification (by morphology):

  • Yeasts — unicellular, budding fungi (e.g., Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans).
  • Moulds — multicellular, filamentous fungi with hyphae (e.g., Aspergillus species).
  • Dimorphic fungi — exist as mould in the environment (25–30°C) and yeast/spherule in host tissue (37°C) (e.g., Histoplasma capsulatum).
  1. 1General Mycology

Other Years Asked

  1. 1A 45 year old male presented in dermatology OPD with history of an itchy annular lesion over the scalp for the past 20 days, which on examination looked like a fungal infection.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  2. 2A 52 year old female with history of long standing uncontrolled diabetes mellitus on treatment presents to OPD with white patches in the oral mucous membrane. Scrapings obtained from the lesion showed gram positive budding yeast cells. Answer the following:  What is the clinical diagnosis and the probable etiologic agent.  What are the other clinical manifestations caused by this organism.  Describe the laboratory diagnosis of this clinical condition.  What will be the appropriate line of treatment. (2+3+4+1)2019 February (2010 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  3. 3A gardner noticed a series of small red ulcerated nodules of 1 cm diameter on the right forearm. She provides history of having repeated thorn pricks at on the arm. Microscopic examination of biopsy revealed cigar shaped yeast forms.2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  4. 4Discuss the lab diagnosis of candidiasis2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  5. 5Candida albicans.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  6. 6Opportunistic fungal infections2018 February (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  7. 7Laboratory diagnosis of candidiasis2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  8. 8Candida albicans.2022 February (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  9. 9Laboratory tests for detecting infections by dimorphic fungi2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  10. 10Name the most common yeast causing meningitis in a HIV positive patient. Name a special stain used for its detection in CSF sample. Draw a neat labelled diagram of its appearance under the microscope using the special stain. Name one rapid test to identify this yeast in the CSF sample. (1+1+1+1)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  11. 11Laboratory diagnosis of mycetoma2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  12. 12Four opportunistic infections seen in AIDS patients and causative agents.2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  13. 13Slide culture technique2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  14. 14Name four anti-fungal agents2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  15. 15Name any TWO dimorphic fungi2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  16. 16Define dimorphic fungi with two examples2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  17. 17Otomycosis2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  18. 18What is germ tube test2019 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  19. 19Laboratory diagnosis of candidiasis2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  20. 20Germ tube test2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  21. 21Sabouraud dextrose agar2018 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  22. 22Laboratory confirmation of candida albicans.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  23. 23What are dimorphic fungi. Name two dimorphic fungi.2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  24. 24Otomycosis.2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  25. 25Mucocutaneous candidiasis2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  26. 26Germ tube test2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  27. 27Germ tube test2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  28. 28Piedra2016 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  29. 29Lacto Phenol Cotton Blue mount (LPCB mount)2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  30. 30Laboratory diagnosis of aspergillosis2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  31. 31Tinea versicolor2013 April (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  32. 32Candida albicans.2013 April (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  33. 33Give two examples of antifungal drugs.2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  34. 34Otomycosis2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  35. 35Name four agents causing opportunistic fungal infection2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  36. 36Germ tube test2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  37. 37Opportunistic fungi2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  38. 38Opportunistic fungal infections include2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)MCQ (Multi) · 1.8 marks
  39. 39What are dimorphic fungi.2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  40. 40Name two dimorphic fungi.2022 February (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  41. 41Causative agent of pityriasis versicolor2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  42. 42Name TWO fungi causing otomycosis2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  43. 43Name TWO etiological agents causing opportunistic mycoses2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  44. 44Fungal filament in skin scrapings can be visualized after digestion using2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)MCQ · 1 mark
  45. 45Name one rapid laboratory test to diagnose Candida albicans.2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  46. 46Write two identifying features of Cryptococcus neoformans.2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark

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