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Paper I — 2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) — Q9

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Paper I
2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · 40 marks · 120 min

Question

Name FOUR antigen- antibody reactions

Q92 marksShort Notes

Answer

Four antigen-antibody reactions:

  1. Agglutination — clumping of a particulate antigen when it reacts with specific antibody (e.g., Widal test, blood grouping).
  2. Precipitation — formation of a visible insoluble complex when a soluble antigen reacts with specific antibody in optimal proportions (e.g., Elek’s gel precipitation test).
  3. Complement fixation — antigen-antibody complexes consume (“fix”) complement, detected indirectly using a haemolytic indicator system (e.g., historically used for syphilis, Wassermann reaction).
  4. Neutralization — antibody neutralizes the biological activity of a toxin or virus (e.g., viral neutralization tests, antitoxin neutralization).

(Other valid examples: ELISA, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, Western blot.)

  1. 1Enteric (Typhoid) Fever

Other Years Asked

  1. 1A 20-year-old woman came to the Medicine OPD with history of fever, fatigue and abdominal discomfort since 4 days. It did not resolve with antipyretics. Samples were collected for the common probable causes of this condition and was confirmed as typhoid fever. (2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Essay · 15 marks
  2. 2A 5-year-old girl was brought in by her mother with the symptoms of fever, vomiting (7-8 episode2022 February (2019 Scheme)Essay · 15 marks
  3. 3A 70 year old man was brought to the emergency department with fever, cough, and dyspnoea. Physical examination revealed a dull note on percussion. X-ray chest revealed a patch on the right lung area. The gram stain of sputum sample revealed numerous pus cells and Gram positive lanceolate shaped diplococci.2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  4. 4Read the clinical history and answer the following questions: A 15 years old boy was admitted in ward with history of fever, malaise, anorexia and adnominal discomfort. He had a coated tongue, toxemia, relative bradycardia and splenomegaly on palpation of abdomen.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  5. 5A thirty two years old lady presented with complaints of step ladder type of high fever, headache and coated tongue for the past ten days. She had hepatosplenomegaly and bradycardia. Blood count showed leucopoenia. Answer the following:  What is the diagnosis of this condition  Name the species of bacteria causing this condition  Discuss about the pathogenesis of this disease  How will you confirm the diagnosis in the laboratory  Name the vaccines used for prevention of this disease (1+1+3+3+2)2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  6. 6A young adult female presented with headache, fever and abdominal discomfort for the past 5 days. On examination, she was toxic with a temperature of 1010 F, coated tongue and mild splenomegaly were also present.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  7. 7A 25 years old male comes to a medical outpatient department with complaints of high fever with relative bradycardia for the past one week, he has headache, coated tongue and hepatosplenomegaly. Answer the following:2014 March (2010 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  8. 8A 30 years old male patient suffering with intense headache, abdominal discomfort since 6 days. He developed fever of remittent type with gradual rise in a step ladder fashion. On examination he was toxic with temperature of 101.40F, tongue was coated and mild splenomegaly present.  What is the most probable diagnosis. Name the causative agents.  Describe the pathogenesis of this disease  Describe in detail the sample collection and laboratory diagnosis of this condition.  Name four drugs used for treatment  Discuss the preventive measures (2+2+3+1+2)2022 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  9. 9A male patient aged 20 years came with a history of fever for 15 days duration with coated tongue and soft palpable spleen. Answer the following:2016 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 10 marks
  10. 10A 12-year-old child complained of high fever (1010C), malaise and abdominal pain since 7 days. A blood culture and the Rapid Typhi-dot test was found positive.2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  11. 11Name the causative agents of enteric fever. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis (2+4)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  12. 12Agglutination type of reaction in antigen-antibody combination.2013 April (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  13. 13Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  14. 14Name four tube agglutination tests. Describe in detail any one of them.2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  15. 15Pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of typhoid fever.2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  16. 16Agglutination.2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  17. 17Agglutination reactions2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  18. 18Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever.2016 February (2010 Scheme)Short Essay · 5 marks
  19. 19Enumerate the agents causing enteric fever. Name the serological test indicated for the above condition. In which week of illness should the test be done. What is the gold standard method for diagnosis and in which week of illness is it highly sensitive. (1+1+1+0.5 +0.5)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  20. 20Widal test2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  21. 21Halophilic Vibrios2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  22. 22Name any two antigen-antibody reactions.2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  23. 23Listeria monocytogenes.2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  24. 24Laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  25. 25Widal test2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  26. 26Widal test.2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 2 marks
  27. 27Name two complications of Enteric fever2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)1 mark
  28. 28Name the reservoir of infection and method of transmission of Penicillium marneffei infection.2022 February (2019 Scheme)1 mark

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