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Paper I — 2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) — Q1

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Paper I
2022 October (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme) · 40 marks · 120 min

Question

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  • (a) Classify the drugs used in treatment of hypertension – any four groups with two examples each. ( 2 mark(s)
  • (b) Describe in detail any one group with its mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects. ( 3 mark(s)
  • (d) Name two drugs given for pregnancy induced hypertension. 1 mark(s)
Q16 marksEssays

Answer

a) Classification of antihypertensive drugs — four groups with two examples each

GroupExamples
DiureticsHydrochlorothiazide, Furosemide
ACE inhibitorsEnalapril, Ramipril
Calcium channel blockersAmlodipine, Nifedipine
Beta-blockersAtenolol, Metoprolol

b) One group in detail — ACE inhibitors

  • Mechanism: ACE inhibitor → blocks angiotensin-converting enzyme → ↓angiotensin II formation → reduced vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion → ↓peripheral resistance and ↓sodium/water retention; also reduces bradykinin breakdown (contributes to the characteristic dry cough).
  • Uses: hypertension, heart failure (mortality benefit), diabetic nephropathy (reduces intraglomerular pressure, renoprotective), post-myocardial infarction.
  • Adverse effects: dry cough (bradykinin accumulation), hyperkalemia, first-dose hypotension, angioedema, teratogenicity (contraindicated in pregnancy), acute renal failure in bilateral renal artery stenosis.

d) Drugs for pregnancy-induced hypertension Methyldopa and Labetalol (Nifedipine is a further alternative) — chosen for their established safety profile in pregnancy, unlike ACE inhibitors/ARBs which are teratogenic.

  1. 1Antihypertensives

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  2. 296 mm Hg. Diagnosis was essential hypertension (2024 June (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Essay · 15 marks
  3. 3Classify Diuretics. Briefly describe Frusemide. (4+4)2023 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  4. 4(2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 8 marks
  5. 5Enumerate five groups of anti- hypertensive drugs with examples of each. Discuss the mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of any one of them. (2+2+1+1)2017 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  6. 6Classify antihypertensive. Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of ACE inhibitors. (3+3)2023 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  7. 7Classify drugs used in hypertension with TWO examples each. Briefly describe any one group with its mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects (4+2)2025 March (Supplementary (SAY)) (2019 Scheme)Short Essay · 6 marks
  8. 8Classify antihypertensive drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. (2+2+1+1)2018 February (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  9. 9Classify Antihypertensive drugs. Describe the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Amlodipine. (3+3)2024 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Essay · 6 marks
  10. 10Explain the pharmacological basis for using diuretics in hypertension with an example. Mention two antihypertensives used in pregnancy. (3+1)2024 December (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 4 marks
  11. 11Ramipril2015 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  12. 12Furosemide.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  13. 13Telmisartan2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  14. 14Ramipril2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  15. 15Sodium nitroprusside.2025 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  16. 16Sodium nitroprusside2014 March (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  17. 17Furosemide2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  18. 18Frusemide2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  19. 19Losartan.2025 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  20. 20Losartan2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  21. 21Enalapril2024 August (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Note · 3 marks
  22. 22Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in congestive cardiac failure2019 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  23. 23Hypertensive emergencies.2016 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  24. 24Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors2023 March (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  25. 25Hypertensive emergencies.2014 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  26. 26Rationale for use of dantrolene sodium in malignant hypertension2018 July (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  27. 27Prevention of vertical transmission HIV infection2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  28. 28Anti hypertensives used in emergencies2013 September (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  29. 29Hypertensive emergency2017 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  30. 30Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor2015 February (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 1 mark
  31. 31Aldosterone antagonists2021 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  32. 32Ergometrine in Postpartum Hemorhage (PPH) Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2020 February (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  33. 33 Verapamil in hypertension2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  34. 34amlodipine in hypertension with renal failure2021 December (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  35. 35Methylergometrine for induction of labour Name the following (Two examples for each) (5x1=5)2021 May (Supplementary) (2010 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.3 marks
  36. 36Drugs for Hypertensive emergencies2024 March (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks
  37. 37 Methyl ergometrine in Postpartum hemorrhage. Name the following (Two examples for each): (8x1=8)2023 January (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks
  38. 38 Ergometrine for Post-partum haemorrhage2022 July (Supplementary) (2019 Scheme)Short Answer · 0.2 marks

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